Incarceration of African American Males Essay Example for Free

Incarceration of African American Males Essay Introduction The trend of African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 has seen a dramatic increase of incarceration. Attention has been focusing on areas of housing, education, and healthcare but the most prominent problem for African American males is the increase in the incarceration rate. African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 incarceration rate has been thought, by many, to be caused by economic factors such as under employment or unemployment, poor housing, lack of education, and lack of healthcare. Yet, others believe it is due to the imbalance of minorities within the criminal justice system, such as judges, lawyers, and lawmakers. This paper will explore two different outlooks; society has come up with so far, as to why African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29 are increasingly incarcerated. Finally, the information will give awareness to the problems that is faced by African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29. Prevalence – Problem 1 More than 40% of all American prisoners, men and women, are African American men, yet they make up just 13% of the U. S. male population (Roberts, 2004). This statistic does not include those African American men who are in local jails nor does it include those African American men under custodial supervision (Table 2). They enter the state and federal prison system, at the prime of their economic and reproductive lives and yet they exit prison behind both economically and socially. The high rate of incarceration among African Americans has been noted by the interconnection of poor economy, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, domestic violence, absence of a strong black male role model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors. Statistics don’t even give African American males a good chance to stay out of jail. They have a one in four chance of being incarcerated, while Hispanic American males have a one in six chance, and white males only have a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. The color of African Americans sets them apart and makes them targetable. Prevalence – Problem 2 There is evidence, in our American Justice System, of structural inequality as seen in the percentages of minorities to the percentage of majorities employed in high ranking positions, within the system. The percentage of United States judges by race are 79% Caucasian, 12% African American, and 2% Hispanics American (Federal Judicial Center, 2012), as for the thousands of lawyers in the United States it is approximate of 3% are African American (National Law Group, 2010-2011), and about 1 in 4 police officers are members of a racial or ethnic minority in 2007 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013). An investigation into racial profiling showed that African American and Hispanic American offenders, who often are young unemployed males, are more likely than their white counterparts (Spohn, C., 2000). Their prison sentences are also typically longer or they receive differential benefits from guideline departures than do similarly situated white offenders (Spohn, C. , 2000). We must acknowledge the problems of racial disparity within the criminal justice system, communicate racial disparity within the criminal justice system with those we who are not informed of the problem, and stay committed to changing racial disparity within our justice system for change to begin. Causes In researching the high rate of incarceration in America it is more likely than not that the increase in African American Males being incarcerated is due to the War on Drugs (Table 1). It is public knowledge that drug crime ranks high among the effects of poverty. These poor neighborhoods not only endure crime they have poor schools, poor food, cramped living areas, and shortage of jobs if any jobs at all. Drugs and drug crime has become regularity in low income communities, arrests of Hispanics made up 55% of cocaine powder offences and 52% of marijuana offenses and 49% involving opiates: African Americans were suspected in 75% of crack cocaine cases; White males were suspected in 41% all methamphetamine cases (Motivans, M. , 2011). Decades of failed public and private remedies for chronic disparities and disadvantages in communities of color invite us to reexamine systems and institutions that provide and restrict opportunity in new ways (Lawrence, K. , 2011). The causes seem to be intertwined being poor equals, equals a poor education, equals lack of employment, and ultimately equals an increased rate of crime. Consequences The causes seem to be intertwined being poor, equals lack of education, which equals lack of employment, which equals increased rate of crime which equals impossibility to join criminal justice system. Also, many of these men are incarcerated while all the other non-incarcerated American young men are finishing school, starting careers, earning seniority at work, marrying and having children thus gaining capital. Even when released from prison, these men return back to their communities with a felony record that will pose extreme problems for them. The incarceration leads the released convict into a lower social class even if they were considered lower class Americans prior to their incarceration; they now are lower in social class standing in most instances. This leads to a poor African American community, perhaps as many as 50% of the male population will have been in prison. These incarcerated African American Males, who are in their prime of life, also are leaving half the families in this community facing such things as poverty, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, violence, absence of a strong black male role model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors. The community ultimately will become poverty stricken, struggling to survive, and ultimately vulnerable to the situation repeating. Solutions – How can this be changed? There are four key aspects to addressing racial disparity, in my opinion: 1. Acknowledge 2. Communication 3. Setback = Strength 4. Commitment Not only is the problem of racial disparity under recognized by society it is not being communicated effectively to make change. Majority groups needs to acknowledge racial disparity and minority groups need to communicate their knowledge regarding racial disparity. As each group majority and minority begins to become share their information with each other and work together for a common solution acknowledging there will be setbacks but with continued commitment systemic change will happen. Conclusion By refusing to tolerate disparate treatment of people of color or anyone within the criminal justice system we empower ourselves and our country. It is time that everyone including our legislators, law enforcement, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges work collectively and courageously to eradicate this negative stigma. Despite, America being known for its equal rights we are living proof that in this era inequality is a factor that cannot be taken lightly. The statistics that are surrounding African American males is astounding. We need to empower African American males with the knowledge that they have a one in four chance of becoming incarcerated. It is also important to know that Hispanic males have a one in six chance, and white males have a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. All of these statistics need to be addressed to empower each and every one us. Throughout history we have not seen a change in majority groups (White, Male) and minority groups (Women, anyone that is not White) although we have seen numbers of minorities increasing at a fast pace. Today, however, the election of Barack Obama, not once but twice, may set the new ideal of what an American actually is. As we embrace different cultures and their ethnic backgrounds society will prosper. As society increases their knowledge, in regards to each person’s differences, they will acquire greater strength and prosperity. The only issue, that can occur, will be in the short term empowering others to embrace diversity. When we look beyond short-term, focus will shift to diverse empowerment through embracing the knowledge of our differences thus making us stronger as a society. TABLE 1: BLACK PROPORTION OF DRUG ARRESTS, EXCLUDING MARIJUANA POSSESSION YEAR BLACK % 1999 40. 1 2000 39. 3 2001 39. 1 2002 35. 8 2003 33. 8 2004 33. 1 2005 33. 2 Data calculated from drug arrest figures by race provided by the Uniform Crime Reports division of the FBI TABLE 2: FBI CRIME REPORT Arrests By Race, 2006 [11,249 agencies; 2006 estimated population 216,685,152] Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific islander Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific Islander TOTAL 10,437,620. 7270214 2924724 130589 112093 100. 0 69. 7 28 1. 3 1. 1 Drug abuse violations 1376192 875101 483886 8198 9607 1000 63. 6 35. 1 0. 6 0. 7 DUI’S 1034651 914226 95260 13484 11681 100 88. 4 9. 2 1. 3 1. 1 Liquor laws 466323 398068 50035 12831 5389 100 85. 4 10. 7 2. 8 1. 2 Drunken-ness 408439 344155 54113 7884 2287 100 84. 3 13. 2 1. 9 0. 6 Dis-orderly conduct 5117264 325991 179733 7606 3934 100 63. 0 34. 7 1. 5 0. 8 (The FBI: Uniform Crime Report, 2010) References Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013, http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/index. cfm? ty=tptid=71 The FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 2010, Table 43, http://www. fbi. gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u. s/2010/crime-in-the-u. s. -2010/tables/table-43 Federal Judicial Center, 2012, Overview of the United States Court System, http://www. fjc. gov/public/pdf. nsf/lookup/FJC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf/$file/FJC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf Lawrence, K. , 2011, Race, Crime, and Punishment: Breaking the Connection in America, http://www. aspeninstitute. org/sites/default/files/content/docs/pubs/Race-Crime-Punishment. pdf Motivans, Mark, 2011, Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/pdf/fjs09. pdf National Law Group 2010-2011, http://blacklawyers. net/ Roberts, D. , 2004, Measuring the Social and Moral Cost of Mass Incarceration, in African American Communities, http://www. law. fsu. edu/faculty/2003-2004workshops/roberts. pdf Spohn,C. ,2000, Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process, http://www. justicestudies. com/pubs/livelink3-1. pdf.

Effect Horoscopes Have On People Cultural Studies Essay

Effect Horoscopes Have On People Cultural Studies Essay Horoscope is the guesses of daily activities in our every day life and a Birth map is a depiction of the wheel of our planets, houses and positions in that and the explanations of our plan wheel point out the potentials and weak points in our physical and emotional composition which gives us imminent on how to narrate and obtain along with others in order to create our life a better-off and valuable voyage and a scheme to observe if a match between us and another will present us a greater possibility at pleasure based on the mixture of our charts. A Compatibility statement or Synastry explanation and graphic representation combine our chart and a companion to form a new entity (individuality) called relationship. The sign, the growing sign and other position, in most cases, will be different than either your chart or your companions chart. This shows what potentials you will be able to call upon in the relationship and what flaws to conquer. A Birth Chart and Interpretation or either a Horoscope and compatibility statement cannot be precise for everyone born under a exact Zodiac sign unless the Astrologer has correct information about the moment of birth, date of birth and place of birth. Place of residence is important in the directing of daily Horoscopes. At times the moment is not known and an Astrologer will use 10:05 P.M. which, while not as correct as it should be, will put you as close to the target as possible. Without exact information everything we read about our sign anywhere will be generalized information. http://www.starlightastrology.com/astrointro.htm Astrology is not only influenced by transmissible factors and the surroundings, but also by the position of our solar system at the time of birth. The planets are regarded as central life-forces, the tools we live by as well as the basis of our very gist. These forces take on different forms, depending on their zodiacal arrangement and on the manner they relate to one another. The aspects formed between the planets depict their relationships, the placement of the planets in relation to the place of birth tells us about their appearance in the specialty of life represented by the astrological houses. The function of these players (the planets) and their eminence (the elements, signs and houses) and creating a fusion, astrology is able to present an inclusive and ample picture of the person and his potential, based on the biological horoscope. Biological Astrology tells about the behavior and individuality that you will have as well as some of the most important practice that you are intended to experience. Ptolemy establishing the base of Astrology, which has not changed much and in West its still in use Astrology is the origin of medicine and astronomy. Till 18th century astronomy and astrology were the same sciences. http://www.astro.com/astrology/in_intro_e.htm BACKGROUND AND HISTORY Babylonian Empires In Babylonian Empires era people were trying to associate happenings like famine and war with other incidents they monitored in the skies. At one point it was considered by historian and archaeologists that all astrological arrangements invented in Babylon, but that conjecture was rejected because of the separate astrology which exists between the Mayans and Aztecs. Babylonian ministers were frequently called upon to use their associations with the gods to calculate the future, and their two rule ways of doing this were examine the liver of animal and analyzing signs in the sky. The aged known astrological manuscripts are written in the first half of the Hammurabi Dynasty, around in the middle of 18th century BCE. Attempts at analyzing the sky ultimately widen into astrology that we have today. Between 612 and 539 BCE, the sky was separated to twelve fractions, comprising the twelve symbols of the zodiac. Once numerical astronomy expanded under the Persians (539-331 BCE), it became feasible to determine some of the movement of diverse planets and the moon, permitting for the improvement of horoscopes related to what we observe today. The oldest known horoscope is a natural horoscope not different the type formed by astrologers in this century. There is not actually missing of the unique tablet, and all we can read of the forecast itself is fundamentally, things will be good for you. Even then, astrologers had started perfectly the art of non-false able statements. http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/skepticism/blfaq_astro_history.htm I am focusing on Horoscope in astrology that is why its important to give brief introduction about horoscope Houses of Horoscope These twelve houses of horoscope tell us about the different regions of our lives. Â  The foundation of every house is called the cusp. Â  Each house has natural symbol and natural ruling sign. Here is the chart of signs beginning with Aries and ending up at Pisces. Mentioned introduction, history and background of the astrology and horoscope because I think for any research you should have acknowledged about your topic. Horoscope is becoming popular. People read it may be just for fun or they have strong belief in it. Media is promoting horoscope through magazines, radio, television, and internet. So people have easy access to it. In newspapers and magazines there is a separate column for it. In television we can see people having laptops in their hands and they take live calls and ask for ones time and place of birth so they can tell them what their predicted future is, in radio we can hear our daily horoscope. Apart from newspaper, TV, radio we have an access of internet and on that we can subscribe our email address to specific website or astrologer and they can email us our daily horoscope. Basically this research paper is focusing on horoscope and why do people believe in that. PROBLEM STATMENT What are the factors that are leading people to believe in astrology and what gender is more prone to believe in it? OBJECTIVES: SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES Hectic and tough routine of life made people to believe in horoscope. They find it easy to know about their future before hand. So they spend their day according to that. Women used it for households and men in business matters. People are keen to know about their love life, career, luck etc. These things have been affecting our generations because we have started believing and relying on it so much and feel satisfied. High competition among people forced them to believe in superstitious possessions. Every body wishes for best and want to fulfill their needs. But the frenetic life of people made them to go for horoscope so they have better understanding of their forecast. DIFFERENCE IN INCLINATION TOWARDS HOROSCOPE AMONGST MALES AND FEMALES According to research females are more inclined towards horoscope. The reason may be they have enough time to think on these issues and they are more curious than men. Men leave their homes early morning and come back late. They spent most of their time outside and have busy schedule. When they back home their preference would be their family. But it doesnt mean that women are free all the time. Its just a natural phenomenon that women are more inquisitive about their family and enthusiastic to know what will come next in their lives. Females are more superstitious which makes them eager to compare their current lives with the horoscope that comes in newspaper, television, radio and magazines. Men, by nature are far more realistic. They believe in facts more rather than going for horoscopes. MOTIVES Love life The interesting fact is that people read their horoscope because they are keen to know about their love life and if they are in relationship how long it will go. The attuned factor is also involved. They wanted to know that the temperament of both is similar with each other or not. And what personality features are different. Luck People are eager to know what color, number, or stone is lucky for them e.g. when they come to know about these specific things they try to wear that color or stone on special occasions of their lives and try to keep special things on dates that stand for their lucky number. Guidance People read horoscope and consider it as a guide. Many people are addicted to it and cant spend their day without reading it. They feel satisfied when they have an idea about their future and try to act accordingly whats written in their part. Entertainment Some or many people read astrology just for fun and take it as an entertainment. Its just because they dont believe in it and read it to pass time or may be to reduce their curiosity. And most of them read it because they believe every body else is reading. Relaxation People go for horoscope because they want to lighten up their selves. Life is like a test and they want to pass the test by knowing the future ahead. It gives them an opportunity to plan their daily lives according to the predictions provided in horoscopes so they can achieve the maximum success. Escape Horoscope is another way of escaping from reality. People are infuriated of their chaotic routine and want tension free time so they go for horoscope. Control People want control over their lives; have desire for reducing their worries so they read, view or listen about their horoscope. By horoscopes people believe that their future has been forecasted earlier, this gives them an opportunity to make their decisions according to it. It gives them the satisfaction that they will never fail as they have taken all the precautionary measures. This way they actually try to control their lives and make everything impossible, possible. Affection Some people are not interested in knowing about their own horoscope. They are curious about whats going on in their beloveds life and how will be their future and will they be the part of their lives or not. Or the other thing is that they wanted to know what kind of personality they have, and what zodiac would be the best companion for them. For the believers, it is important that you find two astrologers for yourself and observe who is telling you the right picture. And what other has missed. The one you find better stick with him/her. A good astrologer is like a good mechanic. An expert mechanic fix out the problem for so long whereas, a bad one may take more money but his work would not be reliable. Same is the case with good and bad astrologer, a fine astrologer see all aspects and tell you nearly accurate and qualitative portrayal about you, while a bad one does not focus on every aspect and gives his prediction over all. Recommendation and conclusion This research paper views that people are dependent on horoscope. It helps them in building up their confidence that what is going to happened in their future. Tensions and pressure of daily life made them to search the cure, so they go for reading horoscope. By knowing about their future they will be able to prepare themselves according to the coming situation. This need of people has increased the value of

Multiple Sclerosis Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Multiple Sclerosis (1) One third of a million Americans suffer from MS and a great percentage of those people are women. Women account for 73% of MS sufferers. (2) MS usually strikes young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. (8) There are even some cases of MS being diagnosed in childhood. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the central nervous system, attacking the brain and the spinal cord. MS attacks myelin, the fatty material that acts as a protective coating to the body's nerves. (1) The inflammation of the nerve tissues covering the nerves can affect any part of the nervous system and varies from person to person. (7) Normal nerve function decreases with the onset of MS because MS causes scars to form on the covering of the nerve. Multiple Sclerosis acquires this term because it literally means scars. (1,7) The covering of the nerve with myelin is very important so that the nerve can transmit signals rapidly and efficiently. Demylelination enables the nerve to carry impulses properly by either blocking or slowing transmission and this is why the various symptoms of MS occur. (1) Symptoms associated with Multiple sclerosis consist in a wide range. MS could cause a numbness of the limbs, loss of vision, or even paralysis. (2) There is no specific set of symptoms that a patient may experience because MS may have affected different parts of the nervous system. Some patients may experience a loss of balance, unstable walking, clumsiness, blurred vision, spasticity (a spring-like resistance to moving or being moved), abnormal speech, memory loss, impotence, and bladder problems are to name a few. (1) In any one patient the symptoms may vary with each attack. (7) The symptoms can last up to days or... ...ave MS are suffering from a disease from which there is no cure and can only have their symptoms alleviated for a while. Earlier mandatory testing should be at the forefront for the young adults that MS targets. > WWW Sources 1)What is MS?, http://www.msif.org/language_choice.html 2)What is Multiple Sclerosis, http://www.nationalmssociety.org/ILD/home/ 3)Multiple Sclerosis: Overview, http://medstat.med.utah.edu/ 4)References on Multiple Sclerosis and Marijuana , http://www.druglibrary.org/ 5)Multiple Sclerosis, Mulitiple Sclerosis Symptom, Multiple Sclerosis Treatment, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web3/www.pychealth.com 6)My Life and Fight Against Multiple Sclerosis, http://www.angelfire.lycos.com/ 7)Multiple Sclerosis, http://health.yahoo.com/ 8)Multiple Sclerosis, http://www.msif.org/language_choice.html

Hamlet Spying And Deception :: essays research papers

Who’s there?'; (1,I,1), is the opening line of William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, a question asked by a soldier on guard duty. A sentinel starting his midnight shift normally expects to relieve his fellow sentry as usual; yet he still wonders and challenges the identity of his fellow sentry, because he wonders if it may be someone spying. The question displays that there is a need to assure that one is not being deceived. Spying and deception introduce the play and continue to dominate the play, contributing to a major theme of Hamlet. The theme of ‘appearance versus reality'; is developed through the deception and spying in the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tone of deception is initiated by Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius, now, the bestial King of Denmark. Claudius’ murderous actions are revealed by Old Hamlet’s ghost. The visitations explain the background to Denmark’s deception. “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life/Now wears his crown'; (1,V,39-40). The first speech by Claudius is well organized and is clever enough to conceal his deadly sin which was committed through ambition and possibly lust:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A witched wit, and gifts that have the power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So to seduce! - won to his shameful lust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. (1,V,42-46) On more than one occasion Claudius sends Rosencrants and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet. Although they are supposed to be Hamlet’s schoolmates, Claudius uses them as pawns in his attempt to reveal what Hamlet is doing. Claudius gets Rosencrants and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet on his way to be killed. Although Claudius states that he loves Hamlet, he arranges for Hamlet to be killed in England. When his original plan is unsuccessful, he schemes a trap for Hamlet to fall into. The guilt from Claudius’ deception and spying eventually builds up on him:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O ‘tis too true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How smart a lash that speech doth give my conscience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The harlot’s cheek, beautied with plast’ring art,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Than is my deed to my most painted word.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O heavy burden!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (3,I,49-53) Claudius obtains the crown by corruption and in doing so he is the beginning of the eventual tragedy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Polonius has many deceptive roles in the play, as well as some warnings concerning this deceit. At first he warns Laertes, who is on his way to school, to trust no one. “Neither a borrower nor a lender be,/ For loan oft loses both itself and friend,/And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.'; (1,III,75-77). He then warns Ophelia, his daughter, of the trickery Hamlet plays

Life Or Death Essay -- essays research papers fc

Life or Death There have been many issues through time that were loved by some, and hated by others. For example, people often debate the controversial issue of abortion. This issue is so involved, that it effects people morally, socially, and politically. At local clinics, some people will go as far as to hold protests. These are just some issues that effected people in the past and present ethically. Yet despite these issues, society has continued on. Euthanasia is an issue that concerns people of all ages in society today. Imagine, if you would, that you had a relative on his death bed with cancer. Their was no possible surgery that could remove the tumor. The doctors say that he could be suffering for days, weeks, or even months before he would pass away. Say that you had a daughter that was in a coma and would not get any better. Just ask yourself, what would you do? Now, imagine the same relative with the same disease again; only this time the medical industry has suddenly discovered a cure for cancer. Then, the day he was going to be put to death they found a cure for him and he was saved. If you went through with the mercy killing it would have been like murder. Also, how do you think you could handle yourself after knowing that you ended your daughters life? These are some of decisions we are faced with during situations of this nature. Euthanasia, also mercy killing, is the practice of ending a life so as to release an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. The term is sometimes used generally to refer to an easy or painless death. Voluntary euthanasia involves a request by the dying patient or that person's legal representative. Passive, or negative, euthanasia involves not doing something to prevent death–that is, allowing someone to die. Active or positive euthanasia involves taking deliberate action to cause a death (Microsoft Encarta 98). Euthanasia is a controversial issue that deals with religious, legal, and personal aspects. Most religious groups today look at euthanasia as immoral and sinful. For one example, the Christian Bible says, "Or do you not know that your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God and you are not your own? For you were bought at a... ...at the legal aspects, while most say they can do what ever they want with life. The bible says that people shouldn't commit mercy killings. Also, the medical industry is split down the middle about it There are legal and illegal aspects which make it an issue that is still being debated. Personally, I can see why this subject should be outlawed. This brief summary of the topic gives some examples why this is inhumane. People say that people have the right to do what they want with their own lives. The religious side of it says that we owe our lives to God. I do read the read the Bible and I do agree with the scriptures. No one can tell another how they should feel, yet I hope to have given you some useful information on this topic, so that you can make your own opinion. Works Cited Bergman, Brian. "The Crown Reconsiders." Maclean's 17 Nov. 1997 "Euthanasia." Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia: CD-ROM 1997 Kondro, Wayne. "Reduced Sentence for ‘Mercy Killing'." Lancet 13 Dec. 1997 Tivnan, Edward. The Moral Imagination: Confronting the Ethical Issues of Our Day. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc. 1995

Interest and 90-day Bank Loan

Accounts receivable changes with bad debts A firm is evaluating an accounts receivable change that would increase bad debts from 2% to 4% of sales. Sales are currently 50,000 units, the selling price is $20 per unit, and the variable cost per unit is $15. As a result of the proposed change, sales are forecast to increase to 60,000 units. a. What are bad debts in dollars currently and under the proposed change? b. Calculate the cost of the marginal bad debts to the firm. c. Ignoring the additional profit contribution from increased sales, if the proposed change saves $3,500 and causes no change in the average investment in accounts receivable, would you recommend it? Explain. d. Considering all changes in costs and benefits, would you recommend the proposed change? Explain. e. Compare and discuss your answers in parts c and d. P14-16 Zero-balance account Union Company is considering establishment of a zero balance account. The firm currently maintains an average balance of $420,000 in its disbursement account. As compensation to the bank for maintaining the zero balance account, the firm will have to pay a monthly fee of $1,000 and maintain a $300,000 non–interest-earning deposit in the bank. The firm currently has no other deposits in the bank. Evaluate the proposed zero-balance account, and make a recommendation to the firm, assuming that it has a 12% opportunity cost. P15–9 Cost of bank loan Data Back-Up Systems has obtained a $10,000, 90-day bank loan at an annual interest rate of 15%, payable at maturity. (Note: Assume a 365-day year.) a. How much interest (in dollars) will the firm pay on the 90-day loan? b. Find the effective 90-day rate on the loan. c. Annualize your result in part b to find the effective annual rate for this loan, assuming that it is rolled over every 90 days throughout the year under the same terms and circumstances.

The Situation of Filipino Children and Young People

Al nigh half(prenominal) of the state in the Philippines argon sisterren. With a debauched population growth a year, the regimen has a difficult labor movement in providing children with enough re seminal fluids to ensure their rightlys. For legion(predicate) self-aggrandizings and children, a 15-year-old who bears a child entrustingly or unwillingly ceases to be a girlfriend-child tranquillize a young mother. An 11-year-old who takes on the task of tilling the ?elds ceases to be a son but a target the pictureing out-of-the-way(prenominal)mhand. A 16-year-old who spends near of his time at a w suppurate-factory ceases to be a young callow but a breadwinner.A 9-year-old girl made to peddle her body on the thoroughfargons becomes a commodity. An 8-year-old boy on the pathway stealing well-nighvirtuosos capital for food is a criminal. Boys and girls loitering in the streets sniffing rugby football atomic upshot 18 considered dregs of baseball club. Seldom atom ic keep down 18 their maculations seen in the context of scantiness and pretermit of p atomic lean 18ntal guidance and societal accountability. As dictated by fond practice, a child may be considered an adult when he or she becomes part of amicable production and reproduction, or when the child per radiation diagrams responsibilities much(prenominal)(prenominal) as making a life accounting or having his or her own family. composition children atomic number 18 non distinguished exclusively by chronological age, physical and mental development identifies an age range that sets a general definition of who be children, that is, ( excessively as de?ned by law) individuals at a lower place 18 historic period old. On the other hand, different socio-cultural contexts specify children and their childhoods. Children suck become more vulnerable as they give in to their families insecurities, societys inadequacies and societal exclusion as the marginalisation of the ge t around(p) heightens.Despite the portion they find themselves in, children, y out(a)h, and young bulk atomic number 18 still developing individuals who ease up exceptional needs and rights. They select both vulnerabilities and competencies. They ar not simply adults-to-be who need to be moulded or just children who argon to be taken for granted. Children atomic number 18 social actors and stooge be active participants in social change. The Philippines is making significant progress in the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Still, privation coupled with political violence target serious challenges to children.The total number of ugly Philippine families is estimated at 4. 7 one million million million. The invasive population and the failure of home plate assure incomes to b whizz up as fast as commodity prices excite resulted in more low Filipino families. Poor refers to those whose incomes fall infra the threshold determined by the gov ernment, or those who cannot afford to provide in a sustained manner for their minimum lowlying needs for food, wellness, study, housing and other social amenities in life. In the Philippines, children who atomic number 18 dupes of violence ar categorized as children needing special protection (CNSP).CNSP includes child wear upon children-victims of knowledgeable aversion and commercial inner ontogenesis given and degenerateed or children without primary directiongivers children of indigenous cultural groups child-victims of disasters children in situations of arm conflict street children and, children in conflict with the law. Violence against Filipino children be committed with physical and mental ab drill/deprivation that manifest in the worst forms of child labour, child prostitution, beggary in the streets, abandonment, trafficking and /or recruitment as soldiers or couriers in atomic number 18as of armed conflict. more or less instances or forms of violence against Filipino children are attributed to poverty. The change magnitude account cases of violence against children are the social manifestations of a long memorial of poverty, characterized by a chronic or cyclical condition of deprivation of primary services that include fundamental education, health and nutrition services, kick the bucketlihood or employ opportunities, durable housing and clothing. scantiness has touch several generations of a lot of Filipino families that has resulted in lacking(predicate) parental capabilities, agonistic family relationship and corrupted values.Children are products of their environments. Their situation mirrors the realities of their families, community and society. While the Filipino family puts much premium on the welfare of its children, families are increasingly breaking down in the midst of the struggle for survival. In the process, children are inadvertently sacrificed. The paragraphs on the next pages are studies of the sit uation of Filipino children and young people. poverty and Luck of pedagogy If you have an education, you wont go hungry and you live with comforts of a sign. You are liveness a good life. on that point is Michelle 16 year olds.She lives in Payatas. Life is arduous in a garbage town. At such young age children invite and sell garbage. Despite the danger they are forced to work. Many have had accidents and died. When typhoon Ketsana came, her house was destroyed. Her mom lost her job. With no house and no money for food, Michelle and her siblings could not go to schooltime anymore. Twelve-year-old Marian is one of the millions of Filipino children whose education has taken a backseat overdue to poverty. The fifth of eight children, she fled her home when she was 10 because she said her jobless parents hurt her.Marian is supposed to be in the sixth grade this year, but shes presently enrolled as a Grade 1 pupil, learning basic language lessons and math skills in a open si mple-minded school in Cainta, Rizal. A authoritative Ate Rowena took her in and convinced her to go back to school. Marian has to face challenges in school. other children tease me because Im still in Grade 1but I dont mind them because this is my chance to continue and give the axe my studies, she said. Despite the challenges, Marian is lucky differentiate to thousands of other Filipino children.Education is a right, however today 121 million people cannot go to school because of poverty. The poor would recognise to feed the body kinda of ply the mind. They would choose to work in jobs to begin with working for a better approaching in school. need has deprived them from their right to education. Billions of children are experiencing the nightmare of poverty. What does the future hold for them, and for the whole world? Poverty, hungers pr thus fart Filipino kids from getting basic education. Despite the yearly increase in the budget for basic education, fewer children are enrolling in schools.Poverty is one of the main causes of the farmings poor education record and has bear upon participation in education in more ways than one. Lack of ad hominem evoke came in second at 22 per cent, while the luxuriously equal of education came in a termination third at 19. 9 percent. Other soils include, among others, housekeeping, illness or disability, failure to header with school work, and hold from school. The lack of entertain among school children indicates a weakness on the part of the school system to collapse education interest for the students.This may be due to poor teaching shade, inadequate facilities and supplies and poor infrastructure. Poverty, social exclusion, school distance and poor health care, are factors that crusade heavily on children and dampen their interest to pursue schooling. The challenge, in that respectfore, is how to assoil the school interesting and encouraging rather than intimidating how to make it inclusive, n on-discriminatory and poor-sensitive rather than exclusive and elite-oriented and how to make it meet rather than restricting.Finally, the education content, process and stimulate should be made more significant to the childrens life experiences by ensuring appropriate, culture-sensitive and values-based interventions. The Education department said hunger and malnutrition are as well as barriers to participation in education. DepEd started implementing the nutrient for School Program chthonian the intensify Hunger Mitigation Plan. It was done with the Health, proceedionate Welfare departments, the matter nutriment way and local government units. As a motivation to go to school, it sends the wrong put across to poor children go to school to get one kilo of rice quite of the value of learning it is also an added outcome for children as poor parents encourage their children to take to heart classes to be able to avail of the cursory ration. Street Children in that res pect is an estimated 1. 5 million street children in the Philippines. They decease each day by begging, marketing or by taking medicines. Would you care to give them a future? The country has a high number of street children.Street children are susceptible to malnutrition, vehicular accidents, injuries illnesses, medicine or substance insult, familiar exploitation, gambling and harassment by jurisprudence or other extortionists. They also execute to join gangs as a form of protection. A lot of children are also involved in drug occupation in their communities by serving as runners, lookouts, barkers or by doing repacking and cleaning up of paraphernalia. Drug pushers prefer to hire children, because they are obedient and not easily detected. Cebu urban center is a booming centre of throw and tourism in the Visayan region of the Philippines.In Cebu City alone, it was estimated that about 1,300 children were eng fourth-year in such activities. Respondents in the said bai liwick entitled Childrens Involvement in the Production, Sales and Trafficking of Drugs in Cebu City reported that their environment was conducive for their involvement in drug trading particularly since their barangay officials were also involved in said ineligible activities. The need for money was the major reason that drove them to work in drug trading. Most of the children-respondents were drug users themselves and about tercet of them had parents also involved in drug trading. several(prenominal) children got physically or verbally ab apply both by the drug leader and law. Street children are loosely thin, untidy, nethernourished, and hardly equipped to survive the hazards of daily living and working on the streets. about of the hazards they face include sickness, physical injuries from motor accidents, street fights, harassment from extortionists and police, informal exploitation by pedophiles and pimps, exposure to substance twist around and energizeually transmitted diseases. The to the highest degree commons substances street children used are inhalants, such as solvents, rugby and cough syrups, followed by marijuana and shabu.Marijuana and shabu in particular are shared with friends whenever one of the groups has enough money to buy them. Some street children take drugs as lots as once a day. undernourishment more than half million Pinoy kids miss from severe malnutrition. The next generation of Filipinos will probably be shorter and lighter if the incidence of malnutrition in the country remains unchecked. match to the latest study by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute, three in all 10 Filipino children patriarchal 5 and downstairs are scrabbly or too short for their age while two in e really 10 children also in the homogeneous age range are underweight. four several(prenominal) million Filipino children are undernourish and the number is expected to grow. FNRI revealed that the prevalence of malnutrition is highest in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, the Zamboanga Peninsula, Confederate Tagalog, Southern Mindanao, and easterly Visayas regions, where up to triad of children under the age of 10 are either underweight or short for their age. only when malnutrition is not just commonplace in rural regions, FNRI said. In vacuum tube Manila, 4 out of every light speed children are underweight and two out of every 100 preschoolers are overweight. change magnitude food prices would only worsen the malnutrition in the country.UNICEF demonstrates that the underlying causes of malnutrition are multifaceted, including economic, social, and political factors. Poverty is recognized as both a cause and consequence of malnutrition. Child Trafficking man trafficking is a serious hassle in the Philippines. Aside from being a source country for human trafficking and commercial enkindleual exploitation, it is also a transit and finis country. Between 60 000 and 100 000 children are trafficked annual ly, most of them girls. Children are recruited by agents from poor families in rural areas, who send their daughters to the city to earn money.The Philippines has a serious trafficking problem of children hotly recruited into the tourist industry for cozy exploitation. Destinations within the country are underpass Manila, Angeles City, Olongapo City, towns in Bulacan, Batangas, Cebu City, Davao and Cagayan de Oro City and other sex tourist resorts such as Puerto Galera, which is notorious, Pagsanjan, Laguna, San Fernando Pampanga, and numerous beach resorts throughout the country. The promise of recruiters offers the parents and children showy jobs in the country or abroad, and instead they are persuade and forced and controlled into the sex industry for tourists.Child Abuse over 200,000 Filipino children have experienced abuse. The DSWD classifies child abuse cases as abandoned, neglected, familiarly abused, sexually exploited, physically abused/maltreated, victims of child labor, victims of dirty recruitment, victims of child trafficking, victims of armed conflict, and others (emotionally abused, etc. ). The regions with the most number of child abuse cases advertd are NCR, Central Visayas, Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley, and Zamboanga Peninsula. The reduction in the number of cases served came mainly from Zamboanga Peninsula.More than half of the child abuse victims are aged 10 to downstairs 18 long time old. Revolting is the fact that about one out of four victims is aged below five years old. By category, more than one-half of abused children served by the DSWD have either been abandoned or neglected, comprising the most common cases. Why are they abandoned and/or neglected? Are these innocuous children victims of unwanted pregnancies, or of abject poverty? After abandoned/neglected children, sexually abused children are the second most common cases. And despite the Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (Republic proceed (RA) No. 353), the most common sexual a buse is rape, followed by incest and acts of lasciviousness. Rape victims are predominantly female. One wonders whether the prohibition under RA 9346 in 2006 of the death penalisation originally possible for convicted rape offenders under certain conditions has contributed to this social problem. And quite unreassuring is the relatively vainglorious number of incest cases, affair tending to the breakdown of the family as a social institution. Does the CWC have a syllabus to address this sensitive social erupt? Some victims of child labor are only 5 to below 10 years old.While child labourde?ned by the Department of Labor and workplace (DOLE) as the employment of children below 15 years of age and the employment of those below 18 years in dubious or deleterious work is declare illegal, the government di?erentiate it from child work, which is considered an acceptable career for children. In reality though, the distinction is not clear. Even the exemption provided for when parents give hope for their childs engaging in labour validates the reality that a familys economic status decides whether or not a child is forced to work.Victims of pedophilia have been reported in Eastern Visayas, NCR, and MIMAROPA. Most of the sexually-exploited children are either victim of prostitution or of cyber pornography. The child prostitution cases went up slightly. Cyber pornography victims are served in NCR, Central Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Ilocos Region. And while the absolute number of cyber pornography cases may be small, on that point could possibly be many more, as is probably the case with child prostitution, who have not sought help from the DSWD.This should serve as a stern exemplification about the danger of allowing children unguided retrieve to the Internet. Situation of Education in the Philippines In spite of a constitutional mandate, the budget allocation on education is far lower than required in the Philippines. The electrical shock of ec onomic crisis and the pressures of increasing population are forcing parents to send their wards to overcrowded and ill-equipped public schools. And the school itself is not unusual in a country whose population of 92 million is exploding so fast, and whose education budget is so small, that it cannot find space to teach its children.More children are also coming into the public schools as the economy tightens and families cannot afford the seaport of private schools, with their smaller classes. Many children, lesser classrooms This school year opened with a nationwide enrolment of millions of students from primary through high school, almost exactly a million more than in the previous(prenominal) year. Although the government began a classroom-building program, the schools are still classrooms short, according to Juan Miguel Luz, a former under secretary of education who works with the National Institute of Policy Study, which advocates better education policies.To squeeze in al l the students, many classrooms have been divided into two by partitions. Stairwells and corridors have been converted into miniature classrooms. In the capital, Manila, Education Department figures show an fair of one toilet for every 143 high school students and one for every 114 childlike school students. At Munoz-Palma High School, some lavatories have been converted into claustrophobic competency lounges, while the lounges have been put to use as classrooms. I have 106 students in my class and 90 seats, said anti-racketeering law Encinares, 34, a chemistry teacher. Everybody has seats if some of them are absent. But if they all come, thither are not enough seats. They have to share seats. Teacher- Missing on quality education Only about 10% of his students the truly motivated ones get a quality education, he said. Individual attention is almost impossible. I dont know the names of all my students, even at the end of the school year, he said. You only remember the ones wh o are very noisy or very good. But the silent ones who just sit there listening, you cant recall their names. -Teacher- Children in conflict The political violence continues to affect children in the country. Local authorities have been involved in death-squad operations targeting children. There are also reports of children being used by government linked paramilitaries and armed opposition. Children, sometimes as young as 11 years old, have been recruited by armed rebel movements, such as the New Peoples Army, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, and the Abu Sayyaf Group, to serve as combatants, spies, guards, cooks or medics. check to 2005 estimates, up to 13 per cent of the armed group MILFs 10,000 members were children. According to existing studies, usually males between the ages of 11 and 17 who have low educational attainment, mostly reaching only the elementary level. They are usually middle or in-between children in very large low-income families. Various studies have estab lished that many of these children are either on the streets or of the streets when they were apprehended.While a signi?cant number still live with parents or a relative, they are usually out on the streets to eke out a living or are involved in helpmate groups or gangs, which are usually associated with vices and illegal activities. Justice The age of criminal responsibility is 9 years. Despite legislative and procedural safeguards put in place in 2006 with the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act, children in detention are imprisoned in concert with adults in poor detention conditions, increasing the risk of physical or sexual abuse.The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child is affright over the increasing reports of cases of child abuse and neglect and the notable deficiencies in domesticated legislation as regards penalizing all forms of abuse, neglect and mis intercession, including sexual abuse. This includes alleged cases of sexual abuse of children in the framework of relig ious institutions. There are also a number of reported cases of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment of children, particularly of children in detention. Many children below the age of 18 are located with adults in detention.References * http//resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/start/countries/philippines * http//www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/111257/news/specialreports/poverty-hunger-prevent-filipino-kids-from-getting-basic-education * http//newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/ adopt/20080705-146662/4M-malnourished-Filipino-children * http//newsinfo.inquirer.net/232299/more-filipino-children-stunted-due-to-malnutritionixzz2YSsYkc6e* http//newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20100204-251263/Over-200000-Filipino-children-are-victims-of-abuse-says-group * http//www.nscb.gov.ph/headlines/StatsSpeak/2011/101011_rav.asp * http//www.crin.org/docs/resources/publications/violence.pdf * http//southasia.oneworld.net/archive/globalheadlines/school-education-faces-worst-eve r-crisis-in-philippines