Critically examine what is meant by natural moral law Essay

The doctrine of natural law has its deepest foundations from Greek philosopher Aristotle but upholds the strongest dictation in the writings of Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). The underlying ethical basis of Roman Catholicism also stems from his writings based around the premise that God created all things ‘good’. This includes man, the highest aspect of his creation of whom he made in his own image; â€Å"Then God said: â€Å"let us make man in our own image, in our likeness, let them (man and women) rule over the fish in the sea the birds in the air, over livestock, over all earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground†. One of the major aspects of natural law is the concept that everything and everyone is made with a predetermined purpose. And the starting point of all advocates of natural law is to work out this purpose akin to human life. Following ones rationale, Aquinas claims, leads us to a realisation of our ‘purpose’- reason is used to find out Gods intention and the purpose of human existence and this will enable one to arrive at the principles of natural law. Focusing firstly on the word ‘natural’, it is synonymous with reason. Contrary to what one may assume ‘natural’ does not mean our natural predispositions or inclinations but rather mans ability to reason. In fact natural law is founded upon mans ability to reason. Aquinas considered that natural law was the moral code which humans are naturally inclined towards. In his work Aquinas established three ideals that should govern our moral principles it is comprised of precepts of the eternal law that govern the behaviour of beings possessing reason and free will. The first precept of the natural law, according to Aquinas, is the somewhat vacuous imperative to be good and avoid evil. Here it is worth noting that Aquinas holds a natural law theory of morality: what is good and evil, according to Aquinas, is derived from the rational nature of human beings. Good and evil are thus both objective and universal He argued that mans first priority laid down by natural law was self preservation and that on the basis of this first axiom man puts forward the ideal that life is to be preserved. Thus man has an empathic desire to respect and preserve life beyond his own. If man gives in to non-rational desires or ‘apparent goods’ as Aquinas so calls them then one becomes imprisoned. According to Aquinas if we follow our rationale it would lead to a perfect moral state†¦ which lives up, not only to one of the bibles most salient features, but a principle which Christ himself promulgates in his teachings, â€Å"Love your neighbour as yourself†. It upholds what one can identify as natural virtues- prudence, temperance, and justice. Procreation is the second ideal of which Aquinas quotes so strongly as a moral code. This way of thinking corresponds well with the teachings of St Paul. It is not merely sex to make children but the whole ethical side that goes with it. For instance it is not promiscuity that they denote but monogamy. They believe that it is the only successful way of procreation of the species. Otherwise there would be a generations of dysfunctional relationships. It leads to an ordered society. St Paul exhorts the Corinthians, â€Å"†¦Each man should have his own wife and each woman her own husband. The husband should fulfil his marital duty to his wife and likewise the wife to her husband. The wife’s body does not belong to her alone but also to her husband. In the same way the husband’s body does not only belong to him but to his wife.† (Corinthians ch6 v 2-4) Lastly the significance of faith in God has considerable significance in his writings. Unlike some philosophers that share similar ideas to Aquinas, he did not consider that human nature was totally corrupted. He suggested that the ultimate function of reason leads us to postulate the existence of a creator i.e. God. To find completeness one must listen to ones reason where one will find a spiritual union with God. This will naturally project all things moral. Having identified the three main functions that Aquinas establishes within natural law it would be of importance to go on to identify other key aspects. Firstly I would be inclined to recognize what Aquinas referred to as ‘apparent goods’. Apparent good is a term given to an action, which on the face of it appears to be a ‘good’ action but actually isn’t. Reason enlightens man of the peculiarity between good and evil. Man is subject to temptation because of our ancestral history; Adam and Eve. From this we as a human race can be seduced by ungodly desires (apparent goods). An apparent good can pervert reason. For instance, one may feel good taking drugs and drinking heavily but really it is self destructive and perverted from reason, which tells us that it is not good to take drugs or drink heavily. Reason links in well here; good intentions stem from good will and good will is the product of mans reason. If we listen to our reason it exemplifies that good outcomes cannot be the gilding light to morality†¦if we concentrate on good outcomes it may lead to the perusing of apparent goods. An example could be a bomb that’s about to explode. Does one torture the terrorist captured to save the lives of a whole community or stand by the premise of the rule not to torture? Torturing the terrorist is an example of an apparent good or a secondary ideal (a primary ideal being the three ideals established at the beginning of essay). It promises an immediate benefit, but the act itself is degrading an immoral. Natural law would dictate that torture is irrational and goes against the first ideal to preserve the lives of others. One can start to picture the difficulties with natural law- does one let a whole community die for the exception of the torture of one man? Mans purpose is not follow apparent goods! The ironic concept is, is that natural law claims if one follows one reason and purpose at all times then it will achieve a morally just world! This is because if purpose isn’t reversed then there is no chance of apparent goods. Examples could include abortion, euthanasia or even homosexuality (!) Which all go against one of the three ideals. Previously mentioned was that of the word ‘purpose’. Purpose to Aquinas was the assumption that everyone has a divinely devised purpose in life. According to Aquinas reason can illustrate this but only faith assures man of his choices. God did not make man like robots to merely choose the ‘right’ thing but if he listens to his reason, there will be an unavoidable tendency towards goodness. â€Å"All beings tend towards the actualisation of the potentialities of their natures† Simply, if we follow what reason dictates we will, ‘strive to fulfil are particular gifts’. St Paul in his letters to the Romans stated also that we have particular gifts and that we should follow them. He uses the idea of prophesising; if ones gift if prophesising then let him use it in proportion to ones faith. If ones gift is to teach then teach†¦.and so one. The problem is of course what happens when one thinks their eschatology is that of an ‘ apparent good’? They might consider that their personal goals are that of power or like the suicide bombers think that their eschatology is to end their live ion aid of attacking the enemy. Obviously here we have a perversion of ones eschatology. Natural law claims that reason illustrates to us their limitations. ‘Apparent goods’ are destructive to one and others and disgrace or degrade man. So the question arises that why do so many of us follow an ‘apparent good’? Aquinas would argue that it is in opens weak nature that it is far easier to follow what one desires and gets pleasure out of, and once tempted, one is stuck in the intoxication. 2) analyse and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of natural law as a definitive ethical theory. The premise of natural law states that morality is based on reason alone, but surely if we look around us it is actually based on our emotions? David Hume (1713-1776) was a philosopher that disagreed with the notion that morality is based on reason alone. As we have seen, Aquinas believed that natural law was synonymous with mans reason; Hume powerfully argued that if this is so then why do people have such a diverse perception of what is right and wrong, good and bad? Surely if morality is reason based then we would all have the same ideas of what is good and bad? If, as Aquinas believed, morality is based on reason then why is it that in a moral predicament we actually act on our emotions? For instance if one is in a crash and one has an option to save ones child or a doctor that is about to crack a cure for cancer, which is one likely to choose? I would say that 99% of mothers and fathers would go against what reason dictates and save the life of their child. I would also question the fact that if morality derives from reason then it should comprise of a set of ‘a prori’ rules that should be completely universalised. Why is it then that we invent these ‘rule’ and find excuses to break them or even feel it is moral to break them? For instance, if we have a rule or a secondary ideal as Aquinas would put it, that is ‘do not steal’ should it be applied even when it seems hell of a lot more moral to break it. If there is an axe murderer who is going to use his weapon to kill someone, to break the rule ‘does not steal’ to get his weapon seems totally incoherent. According to natural law however, the rule ‘do not steal’ should be universalised and therefore never broken. Aquinas did come up with an idea of proportionalism. Proportanalism states that when there is a proportionate reason to break a rule i.e. to get the weapon off an axe murderer then it is ok to do so. I feel as though this is a complete cop out. In effect he is coming up with a set of rules that have to be universalised and they are based on reason, and then comes up with a set of excuses or exceptions when it doesn’t work! Natural law assumes that we have a ‘uniform’ human nature, â€Å"god made man in his own image’ Genesis 1:27. Basically, this conjures up the supposition that if we humans were all created in the same way then realistically we should all therefore be able to identify what our purposes are. Our sexual organs are formed for procreation, thus, homosexuality becomes unnatural. The question is who is Aquinas to delegate what is purposeful? One could go as far to say does man as a whole have a purpose? Philosophers such as Neitche or Sartre that would greatly disagree with Aquinas and human nature. Their ideas are governed by existentialism, which entails that there is no fixed human nature that man has no purpose, life has no broader meaning. The only reality is the chooses that we make; indeed, these choices are spontaneous and individual. They do not delve into the concept any of these choices are rules that should be universalised. If one looks at society today it really has been influenced by such proposal, and we are unsympathetic to the idea that we have a fixed human nature and fixed purposes. Because there is this idea of no human nature there can consequently be nothing unnatural, so inevitably homosexuality and such like is not a problem. Aquinas is compelled with the idea that we are made from a purposeful creating benevolent creator. He presupposes that faith in such being will lead to utter moral peace and satisfaction, and will lead to a perfect moral society. The problem is, is that in contemporary society the popular assumption is that there is no god or it is questioning such conceptions. We are broadly agnostic. Many people’s lives run without orientation to god or religion, thus emasculating the natural law theory. Essentially what is being said is do we necessitate god to feel moral or spiritually whole. Can we be moral without religion? According to many, indeed we can. Aquinas postulated that we can exist morally without god but would lack the assertion of his moral choices prone to doubt and temptation. Whether morality requires god is inconclusive from a reason based argument. There is a predicament also with Aquinas’s idea of purpose. For instance he postulates that that the main function of genital organs are for procreation and therefore denounces homosexuality, masturbation or even the enjoyment of sex! However, in observation bodily organs generally have many a function. Mouths are not just for eating but also for kissing, talking†¦they are limitless. So why does he adopt a denunciation to the sex between homosexuals? It seems contradictory and inconsistent. Thus, I would say that he is imposing his desires and claiming that these are the basis of morality or these are what reason dictates to us. His views on purpose are limited and could be completely different to what he considers- all in all why does he hypothesize what our purposes is. When looking at the strengths of the natural law approach one finds that they seem to be born from the limitations of the weaknesses. Firstly there might actually be human nature despite existentialist beliefs to the contrary. For instance, we are all filled with horror at murder or child abuse. Of course there are always exceptions to the general rule such as suicide bombers who kill themselves and others but what one stating is that human nature is an open question. Some humanist’s may believe in human nature like Dawkins or Russell who say we all want to belong to a ‘herd’. It suggests that we have something in common we interact with others. Aquinas said that spiritual completeness is only synonymous in union with god. Although a large percentage of the population are secular, I would say that it is true that most of us still don’t like to think of the end as being nothingness. There is a desire to believe in something beyond bodily death. The existence of so many religions seem to prove this point. It could be looked upon like this; are we, as Sartre says condemned to be free, or does existence really have an underlying purpose and meaning? Like I mentioned earlier, we now live in a secular age. However we cant seem to get away from ‘god’ or ‘gods’. We basically invent gods like science and medicine. Surely this seems to indicate that our existence requires some foundation beyond our own means? In regards to ‘apparent goods’ Aquinas claims that they are self destructive despite the ‘miracle’ cures of modern society. The questions arises that will society ever create an earthly paradise where all pleasures are catered for. Will we ever make the ‘paradise’ that temps us away from reasoning or will we find that it’s not enough. It would be that if paradise can never be created then it reinforces the idea of ‘apparent goods’ In conclusion I would be inclined not to follow natural law. Although it raises many valuable and appraisable points (after all it does strive for what’s moral) I feel as though it is far too orthodox and strict for my liking. It seems to have too much of Aquinas’s desires and seems irrelevant for today’s society. As a definitive ethical theory I suggest that it doesn’t uphold what I would determine or expect a definitive ethical theory to be. I feel it has too many gaps that have un suggestive answers, the fact that it hasn’t made me feel as though I can relate to it as a moral theory says it all.

The Influence of Roman Engineering and Architecture

The ingeniousness and beauty of Roman architecture has not been lost on us in the 2000 years since it was built. Even today, we still marvel at what incredible builders the Romans were, and at the sheer scale and integrity of many of their projects. It is hard to argue that today’s architecture will maintain the same lasting grandeur as that which the Romans built. If we can still respect and admire the grandeur of Rome as it was in it’s day, one can only imagine how much of an influence people of the time felt, due to the incredible innovations that the Romans brought to the new regions of their empire.In fact, it is because of the superior engineering skills and architectural ideas possessed by the Romans, and respected by others, that allowed them to conquer, influence and rule such a vast area of the world, for such an extended period of time. Citizens of regions conquered by Rome were the beneficiaries of Roman innovations such as a (public) fresh water supply, bri dges over previously impassable rivers, roads linking all parts of the empire (especially to the capital) and incredible public buildings like the forums and baths.They were more easily persuaded into acceptance once the Romans arrived when they saw or heard of these innovations which they realized could have such a huge and beneficial impact on their lifestyles. The first thing the Romans did upon entering a new region, after winning the war that gained them their new territory, was construct roads and bridges. This was the best way to â€Å"Romanize† the new areas, as it permitted easier communication between the colony and the mother country.The roads all led to the capital, which solidified its position as the centre of power, and also allowed the rulers easier and faster access to the colonies when necessary. It has been said that at the peak of Rome’s power, one could travel from the English Channel all the way to Rome without ever fording a stream, simply becaus e the Romans had built so many bridges to link its colonies. As the Romans were the first to master bridge building on such a large scale, they had a huge influence on the people in even the most remote regions. Places that had been impassible could suddenly be crossed by bridge.The bridges were a commanding presence on the landscape as well, easily conveying the sense of who was in power and influencing the people of the region. The Puente Alcantara in Spain can perhaps best show the expansive influence that the Romans held through their bridges, (Images 1 and 2). Built in AD100 and still standing today, Puente Alcantara reaches 164 feet at its highest point, is 600 feet long and has spans of 92 to 98 feet wide. Such an example of architecture so far from the centre of power is a lasting monument to the influential power once held by the Romans.People were drawn into conformity when they saw the superior skills of the Romans, who also perfected pile driving for the construction of bridges and built each bridge arch as self-supporting to avoid damage to the entire structure if only one portion was damaged. The Roman use of the arch itself, which had never been used to such a great extent before, is itself the main reason they were able to build the huge and influential structures that they were. The use of the arch was of course not limited to bridges; it was common in all Roman architecture of the time.The next major use for it in the new colonies, however, was in the construction of a water supply system—the system of Roman aqueducts. Rome already had an extensive system of aqueducts to supply the city with fresh water, and the Romans used the same system in other regions to civilize the â€Å"barbarian† tribes they had just subdued. Such a system was unheard of in other civilizations. The Romans were a very sanitary and hygienic people to whom fresh water was very important. The new colonies had never been concerned about such sanitation.The R omans, however, were able to bring fresh water to the towns from long distances away by carrying it through tunnels and over valleys with their towering aqueducts. This water was then used for the public baths and toilets, besides the expected drinking water. The fact that this water was for the public, and not reserved for private use, pleased people in the new colonies even more, and made them even more accepting of Roman control. The actual aqueducts themselves, built by the Romans to carry the water, were perhaps even more influential.Aqueducts like Pont du Gard at Nimes (Images 3 and 4), or Segovia in Spain (Image 5), the latter of which still carries water today, were monumental landmarks in the colonies where they were built and still are today. That the Romans would build such magnificent and monumental structures for the sole purpose of supplying water to its colonies was likely overwhelming to those benefiting from it. So the Romans supplied the towns with water, and made travel between towns easier. But what about improving life within the town itself?It is in the public buildings such as the bath, the forum and the amphitheater, which people used and experienced daily, where Rome was able to exert its greatest influence. The fact that these buildings were open to all and not reserved for an elitist group of society only increased their significance. It is arguable that the grandness of the baths has yet to be surpassed in any public building since. These were huge, lavishly ornamented structures where citizens would go not only to bathe, but also for sports, club-life and exhibitions of art.The baths acted as a community centre, uniting citizens in the towns in which they were located. There was also the Roman invention of the forum, today’s equivalent of which would be city hall, the law courts, a marketplace and a church all combined in a single structure. It was a novel idea that one could go to a single building at the centre of town and find everything they needed. People were also allowed open discussion here and were able to publicly voice their opinions and socialize with fellow citizens.However, the forum’s accessibility and openness should not hide the fact that it was used by the Romans as a control centre, where legislative duties for the town were carried out, giving Rome further influence over the citizens. The amphitheaters cannot be forgotten, as they were used by the Romans to please and placate people through the presentation of spectacles. Their architectural grandeur was also influential, however, as they were usually four stories tall, could be covered by a canopy, and were the size of two theatres put together.The Romans didn’t build the public buildings just for their own good, they were used to show â€Å"who’s boss† and keep people appeased. These buildings were superior to anything else that had been or was being built, which helped Rome keep the territory it had co nquered. It is still difficult to comprehend that the Romans were able to create an empire as vast and as powerful as they did. Lasting several centuries and covering Europe, Asia Minor and Northern Africa and even overtaking their historical enemies the Greeks, their empire was of a magnitude that has been unsurpassed but often dreamed. When we look back at how they chieved such widespread influence there is no doubt that the principal factor in their achievements was due to their superior skills in architecture and engineering of the day. They brought fresh clean water to the towns and cities they conquered using the aqueducts which are still inspiring and influential monuments today. We can only imagine the significance they held 2000 years ago. As Frontius said of the aqueducts, they are â€Å"†¦a signal testimony to the greatness of the Roman Empire. † The water brought by the aqueducts was then distributed to the public and used in even more magnificent structures like the baths.How could people not be influenced by such great inventions as these and the forum and the amphitheater, which were used by the Romans not only to please the people but also to help maintain power? The Romans built bridges and roads to link their new colonies and built them so they were a lasting and powerful presence. These bridges were not just a show of power in their grandeur, but were also used by the Romans as quick access to the colonies they needed to keep under control. People of the world were not nearly as advanced in terms of the engineering ability of the Romans, and were persuaded to accept Roman rule.They respected and admired the Roman’s superior abilities and innovations and were therefore easier to conquer and less likely to revolt, allowing the Romans to expand their empire and maintain their influence for such a long time. The Romans no doubt improved their quality of life upon conquering them, and it is hard not to accept a new ruling class if such improvements are occurring. The greatness of the Roman Empire as it was is a direct result of the fact that they were such superior engineers and architects.

Abstractionism in The Bloody Chamber and The Erl-King

Abstractionism in The Bloody Chamber and The Erl-King Angela Carter’s work in the short story collection â€Å"The Bloody Chamber,† makes frequent use of concrete objects as expressions of abstract concepts, among them freedom, bondage, and death in multiple forms, not only physical. In the short story â€Å"The Bloody Chamber,† the world the protagonist lives in is archaic. Although timeless in technicality, the reader gets the idea that it is set in the Victorian era or a little after. This idea is reinforced by the dress of the characters, the behavior of the majority of the women, and the use of wagons and horses as transportation, with the â€Å"motorcar† as a luxury item. The reader is shocked by the presence of the telephone, first revealed while the protagonist and her new husband are having sex for the first time, â€Å"A dozen husbands impaled a dozen brides while the mewing gulls swung on invisible trapezes in the empty air outside. I was brought to my senses by the insistent shrilling of the telephone† (TBC 17). Carter’s use of anachronism highlights the significance of the telephone in the story. In this instance, the telephone seems to symbolize safety or freedom. It is with the telephone that she is able to call her moth er. That maternal bond between mother and daughter, via the telephone wire, ends up being stronger than her bond to her husband in marriage. Carter’s use of concrete objects in place of abstract concepts is not limited to anachronisms. â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† and â€Å"O Belo Adormecido† use intertextuality as an effective strategy to subvert conventions. Ana Raquel Fernandes argues that Carter hinges â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† on multiple objects, relevant to the setting, which escalate in meaning throughout the story. Among them are the lilies in the bedchamber and the ruby choker. The liles, she says, are an illusion to death. She also makes note of the association the protagonist makes between the lilies and her husband: â€Å"In this first part of the story, the first person narrator, the young girl who tells her story retrospectively, describes the Marquis focusing on the stillness of his face and comparing him with a lily† (Fernandes 3). The section of text Fernandes refers to is the protagonist’s initial description of her lover. â€Å"He was older than I†¦ And sometimes that face, in stillness when he listened to me playing, with the heavy eyelids folded over eyes that always disturbed me by their absolute absence of light, seemed to me like a mask†¦ Even when he asked me to marry him, and I said: ‘Yes,’ still he did not lose that heavy, fleshy composure of his. I know it must seem a curious analogy, a man with a flower, but sometimes he seemed to me like a lily† (TBC 8-9). The Marquis himself, then, by this comparison to a lily, becomes an object in the story representing death. Fernandes goes on to explain the recurrence of the lilies throughout the story as foreshadowing impending death on multiple levels: â€Å"The lilies appear again in the description of the matrimonial chamber †¦although the lilies are white, they stain the narrator, their perfume confuses her senses and later in the short story, the stems become: ‘dismembered arms, drifting drowned in greenish water’ (TBC 22), an explicit reference to death. Indeed, from its first description, the bedroom is a death chamber† (Fernandes 4). The choker carries potent symbolism of both death and the bondage of marriage. As a symbol of death, it references both the impending physical beheading of the protagonist and the death of self when the protagonist enters into marriage. Bondage, then, is death. This symbolism is alluded to when the choker is described: â€Å"A choker of rubies, two inches wide, like an extraordinarily precious slit throat† ( TBC 11). The symbolism of death is further exemplified in the detailing of the tradition the choker comes from: â€Å"After the Terror, in the early days of the Directory, the aristos who’d escaped the guillotine had an ironic fad of tying a red ribbon round their necks at just the point where the blade would have sliced it through†¦That night at the opera comes back to me even now†¦ the white dress; the frail child within it; and the flashing crimson jewels round her throat, bright as arterial blood† ( TBC 11). In â€Å"The Erl-King,† Carter uses the bird’s cages to overtly symbolize bondage and the broken fiddle to symbolize the absence of freedom. While the Erl-King has possession of the maidens, transformed by magic into birds, his music is their cries of sorrow. When the protagonist kills the Erl-King at the end and frees the birds, she strings the fiddle with the Erl-King’s hair, thereby restoring freedom as a concept and the fiddle’s song replaces the song of the birds. The fiddle’s less than joyous music brings our awareness to an uncustomary message. â€Å"Then it (the fiddle) will play discordant music without a hand touching it. The bow will dance over the new strings of its own accord and they will cry out ‘Mother, mother, you have murdered me!’† This notes the responsibility and sacrifice that comes with freedom of any kind. The symbols of freedom in â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† are less overt and exist more in terms of negative argument than on its own. In other words, freedom is exhibited through the death of death (the Marquis) instead of being given its own object to live through. This is fitting since â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† seems to speak more about marriage as death and submission as bondage. The Erl-King, on the other hand, seems to speak more about feminism, and the dilemmas of sexuality and equality. Carter’s use of concrete objects as abstractions is central to postmodernism. In the past, many works have used items to symbolize abstractions but in Carter’s work, the items are not props but actual characters in the work. The telephone, for example, is central in the plot of â€Å"The Bloody Chamber.† The choker becomes more of a character than some of the real people, for example, the piano teacher. The fiddle in â€Å"The Erl-King† even has lines of dialogue at the end of the piece, which puts it on full level with living characters. In this way, Carter makes abstractions like bondage, death, and freedom more than simple morals or behind-the-scenes concepts in her work. They take on lives of their own through the objects they inhabit and become central characters, speaking louder than the human characters with which they coexist. Works Cited Carter, Angela (1995), The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories. London: Vintage [1979]. Fernandes, Ana Raquel (2010), â€Å"The Bloody Chamber† and â€Å"O Belo Adormecido†: intertextuality as an effective strategy to subvert conventions. Lisbon. The Sixth Congress of the National Portuguese Association of Comparative Literature.

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Strategic operation management- case study - Essay Example ontracted to provide the garments was the need to specify the dyeing colors earlier, because they used dyed yarn to knit the garments rather than dyeing the garments after the knitting process was complete. (Stevensons:4). As a result, much of the dyeing business that Stevensons once carried out was shifted offshore, as a part of the overall garment manufacturing process. The positive consequences of off-shoring the garment production is the reduction in costs that was achieved. The average cost of dyeing and assembly of a garment by overseas suppliers was 35 pence less than the garment dyeing process. (Stevensons:6). This produced cost savings for the retailers. Moreover, the savings of 2 and a half pounds which the retailer could purportedly save of the 2 pounds and eighty five cents charged by Stevensons, required verification and working on with the ecru garment supplier, therefore the cost savings could not be verified. The problem of whether to assemble the knitted garment before or after dyeing was also eliminated by sending the garments to the offshore suppliers because the yarn itself was dyed before knitting the garment. Hence retailers were no longer subjected to the pressures of allocation of costs between the knitting factory and the finishing factory, and dealing with the uneven demand profile that was created by the need to assemble the garment before the dyeing process. One of the negative consequences for retailers was in the timing of the coloring decisions. Due to the variability in customer demand factors, retailers gained an advantage from being able to delay the coloring decision as long as possible, up to 4-5 weeks before actual sale and CV’s policy of completing the dyeing after the garment was assembled was helpful in making flexible color selections to respond appropriately to peaks in demand. . In order to be responsive to changing customer tastes, especially in the fashion and retail industries, the entire supply chain needs to be

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ST. George implements market orientation (p26) - Essay Example Many commercial banks and investment banks were bound to close their shutters. Almost all of the major economies have suffered recession. Therefore, it is obvious that such a crisis would have effect on this leading bank of Australia. But the extent of the affect would be much less than its global peers. The reason behind such an impact is basically because of the strong regulatory norms prevalent in Australia. The micro environment of marketing includes the consumers, the suppliers and the stakeholders. The broader form i.e. the macro environment comprises of factors like political, social, environmental and technological. The bank has been undertaking various measures to ensure that the customer focus is maintained. It has developed new distribution channel and also trained the staffs such a way that can be beneficial to the customers and thereby providing for a new customer relationship management. With such emphasis on the customers, the bank can definitely hope to create value for the stake holders. The macro environmental factors also contribute towards the customer orientation. Politically the nation is quite stable. The take over of the St George Bank by the Westpac is expected to have long lasting effect on the economy of the nation. The technology has also been utilised prudently by the bank. Market orientation can be referred as the business philosophy that helps to identify the stated or the unstated need of the consumers. The objective of the bank is to utilise the environmental factors, both internal as well as external, towards customer satisfaction of the customers. Therefore, it can be well understood that the market orientation ultimately deals with the customers. St George Bank has taken steps to ensure that the organisation recruits team members with right blend of attitude and skill so that the customer orientation gets the maximum focus. The St George Bank has been doing quite well in the recent past. The bank is regarded as the

Tort law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tort law - Essay Example Basically, a tort law can be described as a civil wrong not arising from a contract and in the case of negligence, one should owe due consideration to one’s neighbour (Capiro Industries vs. Dickman 1990). It generally refers to the duty of care owed by somebody to his or her neighbour. Cooke (2010) suggests that in the event that it can be proved beyond any reasonable doubt by the court that the plaintiff has suffered a civil injustice, a claim can be raised and a remedy in the form of compensation can be instituted. On the other hand, negligence can be described as a civil wrong arising from the act of negligence by doing something a reasonable man would not do and a plaintiff must prove that the defendant owes a duty of care (Donoghue V. Stevenson 1932). It is of paramount importance for the plaintiff to be able to prove that the defendant had duty to take care of and that duty of care has been breached in order to win the claim. In order to prove the existence of day care d uty, some conditions should prevail where a defendant can be taken to task if this duty is breached. Under the case of Capiro Industries vs. ... In the above case of Ultramares Corporation v Touche (1931) 255 NY 170), the facts are: Justice Cardozo created a special rule with regards to accountants and auditors. He suggested that mass liability should not exist but that only the client and the intended third party could hold an accountant liable for the accountant's negligence (Wegman 2007). Thus the court must be careful especially when it comes to establish negligence in the case involving an unmarked amount of money for an unfixed time with regards to an indefinite third part. An accountant can facilitate a loan transaction between a financial institution and a third party and in this case, only the financial institution and the third party can hold the accountant liable in the event of losses as a result of negligence. In this case, negligence is a common form of tort law which can be punishable if carelessness is proved and the victim will be entitled to get compensation. Failure to protect others from harm as a result o f somebody’s conduct is known as negligence whereby a duty care will have been ignored. From the above explanation of tort, it is clear that the accountant in this particular case has a duty care to make sure that their actions do result in financial losses to the client or the other third party which can be the plaintiff. With regards to this normal test, it does not always follow that duty care is owed by the third party which may result in loss of something which requires the plaintiff to prove that the resultant loss has been a result of the action of the accountant. In the case of Paris v Stepney Borough Council (1951) the editor of Salmond on the Law

Women in Fashion Photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Women in Fashion Photography - Essay Example The essay "Women in Fashion Photography" discovers the Women in the Fashion Photography. Fashion photography is more than a photograph showing the clothes,accessories or the model, it is the creation of a fantasy. It embodies the fashion atmosphere of the moment and the mood of the time in a single image. It is an image that conveys a particular lifestyle,and is different from catalogue photography, which is intended to directly sell clothes. In a catalogue shot, a woman is shaped closer to real proportions in realistic settings, in keeping with the intent of direct marketing, and she looks, albeit a little blankly, at the viewer. In a whole lot of fashion photography, however, the idea is far beyond clothes, it is about a particular fashion orientation, and so the model is fantastical in keeping with the image to be conveyed. She often looks away from the camera, in affected disdain for the women who are looking at her from across a magazine page, unendowed by her attributes that ar e matchless in drawing the â€Å"male gaze†.Good fashion photography is more like a short film, it needs an ambience and a dream, a concept that evolves, and originality and good co-ordination between a whole team of creative people, where the entire look is contrived to a particular attitude or aesthetic. The make-up artists and lighting effects contribute as much to it as the model who provides a blank canvas for the image, and the photographer, who provides the eye through which it is to be viewed. "We're all brought up on fabulously glamourous Vogue models, and we don't realise that they don't look like that in real life. It is just that the photographers are terribly clever. Women are constantly presented with a false image of beauty that nobody can attain, not even the most beautiful, unless you've got an entourage of make up, wardrobe and hair backing you upI really resent the pressure put on women to alter ourselves" ( Donohoe, 2001) As fashion photographer Cecil Beaton once summed it up, "Fashion photography is an insidious profession.... It is up to the fashion photographer to create an illusion... it makes the observer see what he should see." With few exceptions, it is not true to life, as documentary or journalistic photographs usually is, nor is the persona projected real, as in the case of portrait photography. The female body is mainly intended to seduce, to arouse envy and a desire in the audience to become like the woman in the photograph by evoking the feeling one will experience when one uses the featured product. The body in all its glory is made to represent the things the audience does not have, but needs to acquire in order to be as fashionable as the model, and thus encourage the audience to become consumers. With the advent of technology, a majority of fashion photos that portray women with "perfect" bodies are enhanced by modern technology to achieve the effect. "Photographs are airbrushed or otherwise altered to remove any lines, bumps, or lumps - anything less than "perfection." If the ideal of beauty is physically unattainable, then consumers will never be able to attain the image they want, and therefore there will be an endless demand for new beauty products. This is the reason for the incredible proliferation of the weight-loss, fashion, and cosmetics industries, which are among the largest and

Teenagers using steriods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teenagers using steriods - Essay Example S is suggested to be ddictive in some users nd especilly in teengers. In ddition, teengers often use other illicit drugs nd there is the risk for spred of heptitis nd HIV to originlly low-risk popultions through shring needles in S injection (DuRnt et l., 2003). S use in teengers my cuse premture closure of the growth pltes over the bones resulting in permnent short. The initition of S use hs mostly been found to tke plce sometime during teengers. The prevention of S use should therefore be considered n importnt tsk not only within sports but lso for the public t lrge. The serch for risk nd protective fctors for S use in teengers is vitl. Rte of lifetime use mong United Sttes high-school students vries between 4% nd 12% for mles nd 0.5% nd 2% for femles (Bhrke et l., 1998). Lower figures hve been reported in other countries; rtes vry between 1.2% nd 3.2% for mles nd 0.2% nd 2.0% for femles in ustrli (Beel et l., 1998), for exmple. One report showed firly similr rte (12-month) in Cnd (4.1% in mles nd 1.5% in femles) (Cndin Centre for Drug-Free Sports, 2003). Prevlence of S use mong frikns-speking sport prticipnts hs been reported to be in the sme rnge (e.g., 2.5%), wheres much lower rtes were found in the generl dolescent student popultion in South fric. Studies from different regions in Sweden hve provided vrying lifetime estimtes for dolescents: 5.8% for mles nd 1.0% for femles versus 2.1% nd 0.2%, respectively (Kindlundh et l., 1999). Substntil regionl differences hve lso been found in the U.S. s well s in South fric. With the exceptions of Cnd, ntionl dt re lcking. The current knowledge bout S use, therefore, need s to be supplemented by lrge-scle nd ntionlly representtive smples from sites outside North meric. S reserch hs been mostly descriptive in nture. There hve been some ttempts t more theoreticlly driven reserch, but differing theoreticl perspectives hve rrely been contrsted. Theories of S use hve hd t lest three different viewpoints. First, mny studies hve tken sports perspective, nd these studies hve noted such motives s winning nd performing well in thletics. Thus, the prevlence of S use mong top thletes hs been reported to be high in such sports s footbll, trck nd field, weight lifting, body building nd possibly lso self-defense sports nd mrtil rts (Fields et l., 2004). High rtes of use hve been found t subelite levels nd mong college nd high-school thletes (Bhrke et l., 1998). Second, muscles not only mke you win, they fit the present-dy body idel. For men, this body idel implies upper torso strength nd mesomorph body type. For women, this is defined s slimness, prticulrly from the wist down, coupled with lrge brests (Wichstrom, 2000). To look good or to be big re the prime motives for S use mong gym-bsed weight triners nd mong the top two motives in the generl dolescent popultion. Eting problems nd concerns hve been found in mle body-builders nd S users. Possibly "reverse norexi" (Pope et l., 2000) nd hence S use hve prtly the sme etiology s eting disorders, including poor self-concept nd poor body stisfction. However, mong norml dolescents one of the prime motives for looking good is to enhnce one's chnces with the opposite gender, nd one could therefore

Feminist and psychoanalytic theories of film Essay

Feminist and psychoanalytic theories of film - Essay Example Feminism film theory is concerned with whether or not the role played by women in film works to advance feminism or diminish its agenda. This paper aims at highlighting feminist film theory through psychoanalysis. The way women are depicted in films and movies is of primary concern to feminists because it contributes to the advancement of feminist principles. The way women characters are portrayed in films also contributes to the way that women are perceived in the society. This is because, just as in the real world situations, women in films and movies are also subject to characterisation that is in tandem with societal stereotypes. Feminist film theory tries to explain the way women are depicted in movies and the effect that this portrayal has on society at large. Psychoanalysis of films, from a feminist point of view, illustrates how emphasis is put on what emotion or action that the female character in the film is able to elicit from the viewers. Through this analysis, it emerges that most of the focus is directed at the male audience in satisfaction of what is called the male gaze (McGOWAN, 2008:132). This gives a lot of significance to what the female character represents, and in this context more than the part she plays in bringing out the theme of the film. Psychoanalysis of films through a feminist perspective reveals that women’s role in films is not as weighty as that of men. This because women are supposed to bring out a meaning of feeling from the male character(s) that that inspires the essence and true character of the hero in the film (McCABE, 2012:101). Psychoanalysis of films brings to the fore the fact that women play passive roles. This means that they are objectified and used as objects that are to be adored and exploited to serve the higher needs of men in the film. The most prominent phenomena associated with this are the sexual objectification of women in films (LAPSLEY & WESTLAKE, 2006:231). This is analysed by looking at how men in films perceive women characters in films. It is seen that men advance this notion of portraying women as sex objects to be toyed and played with, but of not much importance apart from that. Men in the film are seen parading women in an exhibitionist manner like trophies to be admired. Their roles in films are already set in the script writer’s mind by the social stereotyping that exists around them. Through further analysis is shown that this objectification also exists in the audiences’ mind because of the responses that are elicited from them. These responses are lined with sexual undertones in every aspect that the film is associated with the society. This is illustrated, by the way, the media reports on film, and the emphasis it puts on the roles played by women (NELMES, 2003:345). Through societal conditioning, the target audience of a film possesses a mind set that promotes the objectification of women not only in cinemas, but also in the real world. Thus, th e world in which feminism exists is aligned to feminism’s demise. All of these features are attributed to voyeurism which promotes the objectification of women as instruments of pleasure (LeBEAU, 2001:78). The best way to advance the ideals of feminism in films is to denounce voyeurism in films and advocate for removal male dominance in films. This can be done by distancing the female character from that of men

Shift work Essay Example for Free

Shift work Essay Origin: A person seeing a table piled high with sumptuous food has a tendency to get too many and/or too large a portion. Since the problem is brought on by the eyes and a lack of reason, the person is portrayed a one whose eyes are bigger than their stomach. Elephant in the room Meaning: An important and obvious topic, which everyone present is aware of, but which isnt discussed, as such discussion is considered to be uncomfortable. Origin: The theme of the exhibition was global poverty. By painting the elephant in the same bold pattern as the rooms wallpaper, Banksy emphasized the phrases meaning, by both making the elephant even more obvious and by giving those who chose to ignore it (like the woman in the tableau) an opportunity to pretend that it had blended into the wallpaper background. Even at the turning of the tide Meaning: The phrase is used to denote some change from a previously stable course of events. Origin: The phrase comes from Shakespeare’s Henry V where he use turning of the tide in a letter. Ear candy Meaning: Music with an instant appeal but with little lasting significance. Origin: The term may have been in use before 1977, although I can find no references to it in print that predate Reddys album title. The term did get picked up though and soon became a generic term for music that was initially attractive but with little lasting substance. Candy is of course what the US calls the confectionery that many parts of the English-speaking world call sweets. The sugary, insubstantial imagery is well suited to these phrases. Excuse my French Meaning: Please forgive my swearing. Origin: A coy phrase used when someone who has used a swear-word attempts to pass it off as French. The coyness comes from the fact the both the speaker and listener are of course both well aware the swear-word is indeed English. F Fair and square Meaning: Honest and straightforward, especially of business dealings. Origin: In the 16th century square meant fair and honest so fair and square is tautological. George Puttenham used that meaning of square in The arte of English poesie, 1589:[Aristotle] termeth a constant minded man a square man. Francis Bacons essay Of Prophecies, 1604 is the first known use of fair and square: Fast asleep Meaning: soundly asleep. Origin: The fast in fast asleep derives from the Old German fest, meaning stuck firmly; not easily moveable as in stuck fast. Asleep derives from sleep in the same way that nautical adverbs like aground and astern derive from ground and stern. To be fast asleep was to be stuck firmly in sleep, analogous to a beached ship being fast aground. Filthy rich Meaning: Very rich, possibly having become so by unfair means. Origin: The phrase comes from the word â€Å"filthy lucre† means money from dishonorable gain. This was first used as a noun phrase meaning rich people; who have become so by dishonorable means like gambling. Face the music Meaning: Face the truth Origin: Comes from the British military. When someone was court marshaled, there would be a military drum squad playing, hence face the music. The term drummed out of the military came from this practice. From stem to stern Meaning: Thorough, complete. Origin: The very front of a ship is called the stem, the rear is called the stern. From stem to stern includes the entire ship. G Get a leg up Meaning: To get a boost or advantage. Origin: This phrase may incorrectly invoke images of a dog raising its leg. In fact Getting a leg up is from the act of an equestrian receiving help in mounting a horse. The helper would create a foothold by cupping the hands to heft the rider upward, throwing a leg up and over the steed. Get of the wrong foot Meaning: Make a bad start to a project or relationship. Origin: The phrase comes from the idiom â€Å"put your best foot forward. † This means to make a best impression. Despite the implication we only have two choices, so if theres a wrong foot there has to be a right one too and get off on the right foot is also in common use. Graveyard shift Meaning: A late-night/early-morning work shift. Origin: So they would dig up coffins and would take the bones to a bone-house and reuse the grave. When reopening these coffins, one out of 25 coffins was found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had been burying people alive. So they thought they would tie a string on the wrist of the corpse, lead it through the coffin and up through the ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard all night (the graveyard shift) to listen for the bell; thus, someone could be saved by the bell or was considered a dead ringer. Grinning like a Cheshire cat Meaning: Grin broadly. Origin: The phrase comes from the novel â€Å"Alice in Wonderland† where she asked the duchess why the cat grinned. The duchess answered â€Å"Because it’s a Cheshire cat! † I didnt know that Cheshire cats always grinned; in fact, I didnt know that cats COULD grin. They all can, say the Duchess; and most of them do. Good as gold Meaning: Well – behaved and obedient. Origin: When banknotes (known as bills in the USA and some other countries) were first introduced they werent considered to be money in the sense we now think of them. They were promissory notes or IOUs. Gold or silver was real money as it had intrinsic value. Notes were just promises to pay in coin. UK banknotes, like those of many other countries, still include messages like this, signed by the Chief Cashier of the Bank of England: I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of ten pounds. So, as good as gold ought really to be as genuine as gold, but the more usual meaning of good has taken precedence over the years and left us with the usual meaning of the phrase. H High on the hog Meaning: Extravagantly. Origin: The best meat is on the upper portion of the pig. Rich people have always been afforded this luxury while the servants, slaves and poor have always had to eat pigs feet, chitterlings, cracklings, etc. low on the hog. Horse of a different color Meaning: Unlike the subject at hand. Origin: Horses are registered at birth and the registration includes a record of their color. When a horse trades hands due to sale, the registration is also transferred. Sometimes the color recorded on the registration may not match the actual color of the horse leading one to suspect the horse is not the one in the registration. Horses sometimes change color as they age, just as some peoples hair changes color. More likely the horse is not the one represented on the registration but is actually an entirely different horse. Hold your feet to the fire Meaning: To hold one accountable for a commitment, make good on a promise. Origin: Pertains to torture used during the Crusades. As a method for extracting confession for heresy, non-believers were positioned in a manner that allowed the inquisitor to apply flames to the feet of the accused. This was done until the accused confessed or died. Head over heels Meaning: Excited, and/or turning cartwheels to demonstrate ones excitement. Origin: Head over heels is now most often used as part of head over heels in love. When first coined it wasnt used that way though and referred exclusively to being temporarily the wrong way up. It is one of many similar phrases that we use to describe things that are not in their usual state upside-down, topsy-turvy, topple up tail, arse over tea-kettle, bass-backwards etc. Hard lines Meaning: Bad luck Origin: Clearly the derivation of hard lines is entirely dependent on which line was being referred to when the phrase was coined. There is a reference to lines in the King James Version of the Bible, 1611, and that is the basis of several early citations of hard lines:Psalms 16:6 The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yea, I have a goodly heritage.

Incarceration of African American Males Essay Example for Free

Incarceration of African American Males Essay Introduction The trend of African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 has seen a dramatic increase of incarceration. Attention has been focusing on areas of housing, education, and healthcare but the most prominent problem for African American males is the increase in the incarceration rate. African American males between the ages of 25 and 29 incarceration rate has been thought, by many, to be caused by economic factors such as under employment or unemployment, poor housing, lack of education, and lack of healthcare. Yet, others believe it is due to the imbalance of minorities within the criminal justice system, such as judges, lawyers, and lawmakers. This paper will explore two different outlooks; society has come up with so far, as to why African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29 are increasingly incarcerated. Finally, the information will give awareness to the problems that is faced by African American Males between the ages of 25 and 29. Prevalence – Problem 1 More than 40% of all American prisoners, men and women, are African American men, yet they make up just 13% of the U. S. male population (Roberts, 2004). This statistic does not include those African American men who are in local jails nor does it include those African American men under custodial supervision (Table 2). They enter the state and federal prison system, at the prime of their economic and reproductive lives and yet they exit prison behind both economically and socially. The high rate of incarceration among African Americans has been noted by the interconnection of poor economy, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, domestic violence, absence of a strong black male role model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors. Statistics don’t even give African American males a good chance to stay out of jail. They have a one in four chance of being incarcerated, while Hispanic American males have a one in six chance, and white males only have a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. The color of African Americans sets them apart and makes them targetable. Prevalence – Problem 2 There is evidence, in our American Justice System, of structural inequality as seen in the percentages of minorities to the percentage of majorities employed in high ranking positions, within the system. The percentage of United States judges by race are 79% Caucasian, 12% African American, and 2% Hispanics American (Federal Judicial Center, 2012), as for the thousands of lawyers in the United States it is approximate of 3% are African American (National Law Group, 2010-2011), and about 1 in 4 police officers are members of a racial or ethnic minority in 2007 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013). An investigation into racial profiling showed that African American and Hispanic American offenders, who often are young unemployed males, are more likely than their white counterparts (Spohn, C., 2000). Their prison sentences are also typically longer or they receive differential benefits from guideline departures than do similarly situated white offenders (Spohn, C. , 2000). We must acknowledge the problems of racial disparity within the criminal justice system, communicate racial disparity within the criminal justice system with those we who are not informed of the problem, and stay committed to changing racial disparity within our justice system for change to begin. Causes In researching the high rate of incarceration in America it is more likely than not that the increase in African American Males being incarcerated is due to the War on Drugs (Table 1). It is public knowledge that drug crime ranks high among the effects of poverty. These poor neighborhoods not only endure crime they have poor schools, poor food, cramped living areas, and shortage of jobs if any jobs at all. Drugs and drug crime has become regularity in low income communities, arrests of Hispanics made up 55% of cocaine powder offences and 52% of marijuana offenses and 49% involving opiates: African Americans were suspected in 75% of crack cocaine cases; White males were suspected in 41% all methamphetamine cases (Motivans, M. , 2011). Decades of failed public and private remedies for chronic disparities and disadvantages in communities of color invite us to reexamine systems and institutions that provide and restrict opportunity in new ways (Lawrence, K. , 2011). The causes seem to be intertwined being poor equals, equals a poor education, equals lack of employment, and ultimately equals an increased rate of crime. Consequences The causes seem to be intertwined being poor, equals lack of education, which equals lack of employment, which equals increased rate of crime which equals impossibility to join criminal justice system. Also, many of these men are incarcerated while all the other non-incarcerated American young men are finishing school, starting careers, earning seniority at work, marrying and having children thus gaining capital. Even when released from prison, these men return back to their communities with a felony record that will pose extreme problems for them. The incarceration leads the released convict into a lower social class even if they were considered lower class Americans prior to their incarceration; they now are lower in social class standing in most instances. This leads to a poor African American community, perhaps as many as 50% of the male population will have been in prison. These incarcerated African American Males, who are in their prime of life, also are leaving half the families in this community facing such things as poverty, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, violence, absence of a strong black male role model, lack of access to education, or some type of combination of these factors. The community ultimately will become poverty stricken, struggling to survive, and ultimately vulnerable to the situation repeating. Solutions – How can this be changed? There are four key aspects to addressing racial disparity, in my opinion: 1. Acknowledge 2. Communication 3. Setback = Strength 4. Commitment Not only is the problem of racial disparity under recognized by society it is not being communicated effectively to make change. Majority groups needs to acknowledge racial disparity and minority groups need to communicate their knowledge regarding racial disparity. As each group majority and minority begins to become share their information with each other and work together for a common solution acknowledging there will be setbacks but with continued commitment systemic change will happen. Conclusion By refusing to tolerate disparate treatment of people of color or anyone within the criminal justice system we empower ourselves and our country. It is time that everyone including our legislators, law enforcement, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and judges work collectively and courageously to eradicate this negative stigma. Despite, America being known for its equal rights we are living proof that in this era inequality is a factor that cannot be taken lightly. The statistics that are surrounding African American males is astounding. We need to empower African American males with the knowledge that they have a one in four chance of becoming incarcerated. It is also important to know that Hispanic males have a one in six chance, and white males have a one in twenty three chance of incarceration. All of these statistics need to be addressed to empower each and every one us. Throughout history we have not seen a change in majority groups (White, Male) and minority groups (Women, anyone that is not White) although we have seen numbers of minorities increasing at a fast pace. Today, however, the election of Barack Obama, not once but twice, may set the new ideal of what an American actually is. As we embrace different cultures and their ethnic backgrounds society will prosper. As society increases their knowledge, in regards to each person’s differences, they will acquire greater strength and prosperity. The only issue, that can occur, will be in the short term empowering others to embrace diversity. When we look beyond short-term, focus will shift to diverse empowerment through embracing the knowledge of our differences thus making us stronger as a society. TABLE 1: BLACK PROPORTION OF DRUG ARRESTS, EXCLUDING MARIJUANA POSSESSION YEAR BLACK % 1999 40. 1 2000 39. 3 2001 39. 1 2002 35. 8 2003 33. 8 2004 33. 1 2005 33. 2 Data calculated from drug arrest figures by race provided by the Uniform Crime Reports division of the FBI TABLE 2: FBI CRIME REPORT Arrests By Race, 2006 [11,249 agencies; 2006 estimated population 216,685,152] Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific islander Total White Black American Indian or Alaskan Native Asian or Pacific Islander TOTAL 10,437,620. 7270214 2924724 130589 112093 100. 0 69. 7 28 1. 3 1. 1 Drug abuse violations 1376192 875101 483886 8198 9607 1000 63. 6 35. 1 0. 6 0. 7 DUI’S 1034651 914226 95260 13484 11681 100 88. 4 9. 2 1. 3 1. 1 Liquor laws 466323 398068 50035 12831 5389 100 85. 4 10. 7 2. 8 1. 2 Drunken-ness 408439 344155 54113 7884 2287 100 84. 3 13. 2 1. 9 0. 6 Dis-orderly conduct 5117264 325991 179733 7606 3934 100 63. 0 34. 7 1. 5 0. 8 (The FBI: Uniform Crime Report, 2010) References Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013, http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/index. cfm? ty=tptid=71 The FBI Uniform Crime Reports, 2010, Table 43, http://www. fbi. gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u. s/2010/crime-in-the-u. s. -2010/tables/table-43 Federal Judicial Center, 2012, Overview of the United States Court System, http://www. fjc. gov/public/pdf. nsf/lookup/FJC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf/$file/FJC_Standard_PPT_English_June_2012. pdf Lawrence, K. , 2011, Race, Crime, and Punishment: Breaking the Connection in America, http://www. aspeninstitute. org/sites/default/files/content/docs/pubs/Race-Crime-Punishment. pdf Motivans, Mark, 2011, Washington, DC: US Dept. of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://bjs. ojp. usdoj. gov/content/pub/pdf/fjs09. pdf National Law Group 2010-2011, http://blacklawyers. net/ Roberts, D. , 2004, Measuring the Social and Moral Cost of Mass Incarceration, in African American Communities, http://www. law. fsu. edu/faculty/2003-2004workshops/roberts. pdf Spohn,C. ,2000, Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process, http://www. justicestudies. com/pubs/livelink3-1. pdf.

Effect Horoscopes Have On People Cultural Studies Essay

Effect Horoscopes Have On People Cultural Studies Essay Horoscope is the guesses of daily activities in our every day life and a Birth map is a depiction of the wheel of our planets, houses and positions in that and the explanations of our plan wheel point out the potentials and weak points in our physical and emotional composition which gives us imminent on how to narrate and obtain along with others in order to create our life a better-off and valuable voyage and a scheme to observe if a match between us and another will present us a greater possibility at pleasure based on the mixture of our charts. A Compatibility statement or Synastry explanation and graphic representation combine our chart and a companion to form a new entity (individuality) called relationship. The sign, the growing sign and other position, in most cases, will be different than either your chart or your companions chart. This shows what potentials you will be able to call upon in the relationship and what flaws to conquer. A Birth Chart and Interpretation or either a Horoscope and compatibility statement cannot be precise for everyone born under a exact Zodiac sign unless the Astrologer has correct information about the moment of birth, date of birth and place of birth. Place of residence is important in the directing of daily Horoscopes. At times the moment is not known and an Astrologer will use 10:05 P.M. which, while not as correct as it should be, will put you as close to the target as possible. Without exact information everything we read about our sign anywhere will be generalized information. http://www.starlightastrology.com/astrointro.htm Astrology is not only influenced by transmissible factors and the surroundings, but also by the position of our solar system at the time of birth. The planets are regarded as central life-forces, the tools we live by as well as the basis of our very gist. These forces take on different forms, depending on their zodiacal arrangement and on the manner they relate to one another. The aspects formed between the planets depict their relationships, the placement of the planets in relation to the place of birth tells us about their appearance in the specialty of life represented by the astrological houses. The function of these players (the planets) and their eminence (the elements, signs and houses) and creating a fusion, astrology is able to present an inclusive and ample picture of the person and his potential, based on the biological horoscope. Biological Astrology tells about the behavior and individuality that you will have as well as some of the most important practice that you are intended to experience. Ptolemy establishing the base of Astrology, which has not changed much and in West its still in use Astrology is the origin of medicine and astronomy. Till 18th century astronomy and astrology were the same sciences. http://www.astro.com/astrology/in_intro_e.htm BACKGROUND AND HISTORY Babylonian Empires In Babylonian Empires era people were trying to associate happenings like famine and war with other incidents they monitored in the skies. At one point it was considered by historian and archaeologists that all astrological arrangements invented in Babylon, but that conjecture was rejected because of the separate astrology which exists between the Mayans and Aztecs. Babylonian ministers were frequently called upon to use their associations with the gods to calculate the future, and their two rule ways of doing this were examine the liver of animal and analyzing signs in the sky. The aged known astrological manuscripts are written in the first half of the Hammurabi Dynasty, around in the middle of 18th century BCE. Attempts at analyzing the sky ultimately widen into astrology that we have today. Between 612 and 539 BCE, the sky was separated to twelve fractions, comprising the twelve symbols of the zodiac. Once numerical astronomy expanded under the Persians (539-331 BCE), it became feasible to determine some of the movement of diverse planets and the moon, permitting for the improvement of horoscopes related to what we observe today. The oldest known horoscope is a natural horoscope not different the type formed by astrologers in this century. There is not actually missing of the unique tablet, and all we can read of the forecast itself is fundamentally, things will be good for you. Even then, astrologers had started perfectly the art of non-false able statements. http://atheism.about.com/library/FAQs/skepticism/blfaq_astro_history.htm I am focusing on Horoscope in astrology that is why its important to give brief introduction about horoscope Houses of Horoscope These twelve houses of horoscope tell us about the different regions of our lives. Â  The foundation of every house is called the cusp. Â  Each house has natural symbol and natural ruling sign. Here is the chart of signs beginning with Aries and ending up at Pisces. Mentioned introduction, history and background of the astrology and horoscope because I think for any research you should have acknowledged about your topic. Horoscope is becoming popular. People read it may be just for fun or they have strong belief in it. Media is promoting horoscope through magazines, radio, television, and internet. So people have easy access to it. In newspapers and magazines there is a separate column for it. In television we can see people having laptops in their hands and they take live calls and ask for ones time and place of birth so they can tell them what their predicted future is, in radio we can hear our daily horoscope. Apart from newspaper, TV, radio we have an access of internet and on that we can subscribe our email address to specific website or astrologer and they can email us our daily horoscope. Basically this research paper is focusing on horoscope and why do people believe in that. PROBLEM STATMENT What are the factors that are leading people to believe in astrology and what gender is more prone to believe in it? OBJECTIVES: SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES Hectic and tough routine of life made people to believe in horoscope. They find it easy to know about their future before hand. So they spend their day according to that. Women used it for households and men in business matters. People are keen to know about their love life, career, luck etc. These things have been affecting our generations because we have started believing and relying on it so much and feel satisfied. High competition among people forced them to believe in superstitious possessions. Every body wishes for best and want to fulfill their needs. But the frenetic life of people made them to go for horoscope so they have better understanding of their forecast. DIFFERENCE IN INCLINATION TOWARDS HOROSCOPE AMONGST MALES AND FEMALES According to research females are more inclined towards horoscope. The reason may be they have enough time to think on these issues and they are more curious than men. Men leave their homes early morning and come back late. They spent most of their time outside and have busy schedule. When they back home their preference would be their family. But it doesnt mean that women are free all the time. Its just a natural phenomenon that women are more inquisitive about their family and enthusiastic to know what will come next in their lives. Females are more superstitious which makes them eager to compare their current lives with the horoscope that comes in newspaper, television, radio and magazines. Men, by nature are far more realistic. They believe in facts more rather than going for horoscopes. MOTIVES Love life The interesting fact is that people read their horoscope because they are keen to know about their love life and if they are in relationship how long it will go. The attuned factor is also involved. They wanted to know that the temperament of both is similar with each other or not. And what personality features are different. Luck People are eager to know what color, number, or stone is lucky for them e.g. when they come to know about these specific things they try to wear that color or stone on special occasions of their lives and try to keep special things on dates that stand for their lucky number. Guidance People read horoscope and consider it as a guide. Many people are addicted to it and cant spend their day without reading it. They feel satisfied when they have an idea about their future and try to act accordingly whats written in their part. Entertainment Some or many people read astrology just for fun and take it as an entertainment. Its just because they dont believe in it and read it to pass time or may be to reduce their curiosity. And most of them read it because they believe every body else is reading. Relaxation People go for horoscope because they want to lighten up their selves. Life is like a test and they want to pass the test by knowing the future ahead. It gives them an opportunity to plan their daily lives according to the predictions provided in horoscopes so they can achieve the maximum success. Escape Horoscope is another way of escaping from reality. People are infuriated of their chaotic routine and want tension free time so they go for horoscope. Control People want control over their lives; have desire for reducing their worries so they read, view or listen about their horoscope. By horoscopes people believe that their future has been forecasted earlier, this gives them an opportunity to make their decisions according to it. It gives them the satisfaction that they will never fail as they have taken all the precautionary measures. This way they actually try to control their lives and make everything impossible, possible. Affection Some people are not interested in knowing about their own horoscope. They are curious about whats going on in their beloveds life and how will be their future and will they be the part of their lives or not. Or the other thing is that they wanted to know what kind of personality they have, and what zodiac would be the best companion for them. For the believers, it is important that you find two astrologers for yourself and observe who is telling you the right picture. And what other has missed. The one you find better stick with him/her. A good astrologer is like a good mechanic. An expert mechanic fix out the problem for so long whereas, a bad one may take more money but his work would not be reliable. Same is the case with good and bad astrologer, a fine astrologer see all aspects and tell you nearly accurate and qualitative portrayal about you, while a bad one does not focus on every aspect and gives his prediction over all. Recommendation and conclusion This research paper views that people are dependent on horoscope. It helps them in building up their confidence that what is going to happened in their future. Tensions and pressure of daily life made them to search the cure, so they go for reading horoscope. By knowing about their future they will be able to prepare themselves according to the coming situation. This need of people has increased the value of

Multiple Sclerosis Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Multiple Sclerosis (1) One third of a million Americans suffer from MS and a great percentage of those people are women. Women account for 73% of MS sufferers. (2) MS usually strikes young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 years old. (8) There are even some cases of MS being diagnosed in childhood. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that affects the central nervous system, attacking the brain and the spinal cord. MS attacks myelin, the fatty material that acts as a protective coating to the body's nerves. (1) The inflammation of the nerve tissues covering the nerves can affect any part of the nervous system and varies from person to person. (7) Normal nerve function decreases with the onset of MS because MS causes scars to form on the covering of the nerve. Multiple Sclerosis acquires this term because it literally means scars. (1,7) The covering of the nerve with myelin is very important so that the nerve can transmit signals rapidly and efficiently. Demylelination enables the nerve to carry impulses properly by either blocking or slowing transmission and this is why the various symptoms of MS occur. (1) Symptoms associated with Multiple sclerosis consist in a wide range. MS could cause a numbness of the limbs, loss of vision, or even paralysis. (2) There is no specific set of symptoms that a patient may experience because MS may have affected different parts of the nervous system. Some patients may experience a loss of balance, unstable walking, clumsiness, blurred vision, spasticity (a spring-like resistance to moving or being moved), abnormal speech, memory loss, impotence, and bladder problems are to name a few. (1) In any one patient the symptoms may vary with each attack. (7) The symptoms can last up to days or... ...ave MS are suffering from a disease from which there is no cure and can only have their symptoms alleviated for a while. Earlier mandatory testing should be at the forefront for the young adults that MS targets. > WWW Sources 1)What is MS?, http://www.msif.org/language_choice.html 2)What is Multiple Sclerosis, http://www.nationalmssociety.org/ILD/home/ 3)Multiple Sclerosis: Overview, http://medstat.med.utah.edu/ 4)References on Multiple Sclerosis and Marijuana , http://www.druglibrary.org/ 5)Multiple Sclerosis, Mulitiple Sclerosis Symptom, Multiple Sclerosis Treatment, http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro01/web3/www.pychealth.com 6)My Life and Fight Against Multiple Sclerosis, http://www.angelfire.lycos.com/ 7)Multiple Sclerosis, http://health.yahoo.com/ 8)Multiple Sclerosis, http://www.msif.org/language_choice.html

Hamlet Spying And Deception :: essays research papers

Who’s there?'; (1,I,1), is the opening line of William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, a question asked by a soldier on guard duty. A sentinel starting his midnight shift normally expects to relieve his fellow sentry as usual; yet he still wonders and challenges the identity of his fellow sentry, because he wonders if it may be someone spying. The question displays that there is a need to assure that one is not being deceived. Spying and deception introduce the play and continue to dominate the play, contributing to a major theme of Hamlet. The theme of ‘appearance versus reality'; is developed through the deception and spying in the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tone of deception is initiated by Hamlet’s uncle, Claudius, now, the bestial King of Denmark. Claudius’ murderous actions are revealed by Old Hamlet’s ghost. The visitations explain the background to Denmark’s deception. “The serpent that did sting thy father’s life/Now wears his crown'; (1,V,39-40). The first speech by Claudius is well organized and is clever enough to conceal his deadly sin which was committed through ambition and possibly lust:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A witched wit, and gifts that have the power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So to seduce! - won to his shameful lust   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. (1,V,42-46) On more than one occasion Claudius sends Rosencrants and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet. Although they are supposed to be Hamlet’s schoolmates, Claudius uses them as pawns in his attempt to reveal what Hamlet is doing. Claudius gets Rosencrants and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet on his way to be killed. Although Claudius states that he loves Hamlet, he arranges for Hamlet to be killed in England. When his original plan is unsuccessful, he schemes a trap for Hamlet to fall into. The guilt from Claudius’ deception and spying eventually builds up on him:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O ‘tis too true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How smart a lash that speech doth give my conscience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The harlot’s cheek, beautied with plast’ring art,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Than is my deed to my most painted word.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  O heavy burden!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (3,I,49-53) Claudius obtains the crown by corruption and in doing so he is the beginning of the eventual tragedy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Polonius has many deceptive roles in the play, as well as some warnings concerning this deceit. At first he warns Laertes, who is on his way to school, to trust no one. “Neither a borrower nor a lender be,/ For loan oft loses both itself and friend,/And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.'; (1,III,75-77). He then warns Ophelia, his daughter, of the trickery Hamlet plays

Life Or Death Essay -- essays research papers fc

Life or Death There have been many issues through time that were loved by some, and hated by others. For example, people often debate the controversial issue of abortion. This issue is so involved, that it effects people morally, socially, and politically. At local clinics, some people will go as far as to hold protests. These are just some issues that effected people in the past and present ethically. Yet despite these issues, society has continued on. Euthanasia is an issue that concerns people of all ages in society today. Imagine, if you would, that you had a relative on his death bed with cancer. Their was no possible surgery that could remove the tumor. The doctors say that he could be suffering for days, weeks, or even months before he would pass away. Say that you had a daughter that was in a coma and would not get any better. Just ask yourself, what would you do? Now, imagine the same relative with the same disease again; only this time the medical industry has suddenly discovered a cure for cancer. Then, the day he was going to be put to death they found a cure for him and he was saved. If you went through with the mercy killing it would have been like murder. Also, how do you think you could handle yourself after knowing that you ended your daughters life? These are some of decisions we are faced with during situations of this nature. Euthanasia, also mercy killing, is the practice of ending a life so as to release an individual from an incurable disease or intolerable suffering. The term is sometimes used generally to refer to an easy or painless death. Voluntary euthanasia involves a request by the dying patient or that person's legal representative. Passive, or negative, euthanasia involves not doing something to prevent death–that is, allowing someone to die. Active or positive euthanasia involves taking deliberate action to cause a death (Microsoft Encarta 98). Euthanasia is a controversial issue that deals with religious, legal, and personal aspects. Most religious groups today look at euthanasia as immoral and sinful. For one example, the Christian Bible says, "Or do you not know that your body is the temple of the Holy Spirit who is in you, whom you have from God and you are not your own? For you were bought at a... ...at the legal aspects, while most say they can do what ever they want with life. The bible says that people shouldn't commit mercy killings. Also, the medical industry is split down the middle about it There are legal and illegal aspects which make it an issue that is still being debated. Personally, I can see why this subject should be outlawed. This brief summary of the topic gives some examples why this is inhumane. People say that people have the right to do what they want with their own lives. The religious side of it says that we owe our lives to God. I do read the read the Bible and I do agree with the scriptures. No one can tell another how they should feel, yet I hope to have given you some useful information on this topic, so that you can make your own opinion. Works Cited Bergman, Brian. "The Crown Reconsiders." Maclean's 17 Nov. 1997 "Euthanasia." Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia: CD-ROM 1997 Kondro, Wayne. "Reduced Sentence for ‘Mercy Killing'." Lancet 13 Dec. 1997 Tivnan, Edward. The Moral Imagination: Confronting the Ethical Issues of Our Day. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc. 1995

Interest and 90-day Bank Loan

Accounts receivable changes with bad debts A firm is evaluating an accounts receivable change that would increase bad debts from 2% to 4% of sales. Sales are currently 50,000 units, the selling price is $20 per unit, and the variable cost per unit is $15. As a result of the proposed change, sales are forecast to increase to 60,000 units. a. What are bad debts in dollars currently and under the proposed change? b. Calculate the cost of the marginal bad debts to the firm. c. Ignoring the additional profit contribution from increased sales, if the proposed change saves $3,500 and causes no change in the average investment in accounts receivable, would you recommend it? Explain. d. Considering all changes in costs and benefits, would you recommend the proposed change? Explain. e. Compare and discuss your answers in parts c and d. P14-16 Zero-balance account Union Company is considering establishment of a zero balance account. The firm currently maintains an average balance of $420,000 in its disbursement account. As compensation to the bank for maintaining the zero balance account, the firm will have to pay a monthly fee of $1,000 and maintain a $300,000 non–interest-earning deposit in the bank. The firm currently has no other deposits in the bank. Evaluate the proposed zero-balance account, and make a recommendation to the firm, assuming that it has a 12% opportunity cost. P15–9 Cost of bank loan Data Back-Up Systems has obtained a $10,000, 90-day bank loan at an annual interest rate of 15%, payable at maturity. (Note: Assume a 365-day year.) a. How much interest (in dollars) will the firm pay on the 90-day loan? b. Find the effective 90-day rate on the loan. c. Annualize your result in part b to find the effective annual rate for this loan, assuming that it is rolled over every 90 days throughout the year under the same terms and circumstances.

The Situation of Filipino Children and Young People

Al nigh half(prenominal) of the state in the Philippines argon sisterren. With a debauched population growth a year, the regimen has a difficult labor movement in providing children with enough re seminal fluids to ensure their rightlys. For legion(predicate) self-aggrandizings and children, a 15-year-old who bears a child entrustingly or unwillingly ceases to be a girlfriend-child tranquillize a young mother. An 11-year-old who takes on the task of tilling the ?elds ceases to be a son but a target the pictureing out-of-the-way(prenominal)mhand. A 16-year-old who spends near of his time at a w suppurate-factory ceases to be a young callow but a breadwinner.A 9-year-old girl made to peddle her body on the thoroughfargons becomes a commodity. An 8-year-old boy on the pathway stealing well-nighvirtuosos capital for food is a criminal. Boys and girls loitering in the streets sniffing rugby football atomic upshot 18 considered dregs of baseball club. Seldom atom ic keep down 18 their maculations seen in the context of scantiness and pretermit of p atomic lean 18ntal guidance and societal accountability. As dictated by fond practice, a child may be considered an adult when he or she becomes part of amicable production and reproduction, or when the child per radiation diagrams responsibilities much(prenominal)(prenominal) as making a life accounting or having his or her own family. composition children atomic number 18 non distinguished exclusively by chronological age, physical and mental development identifies an age range that sets a general definition of who be children, that is, ( excessively as de?ned by law) individuals at a lower place 18 historic period old. On the other hand, different socio-cultural contexts specify children and their childhoods. Children suck become more vulnerable as they give in to their families insecurities, societys inadequacies and societal exclusion as the marginalisation of the ge t around(p) heightens.Despite the portion they find themselves in, children, y out(a)h, and young bulk atomic number 18 still developing individuals who ease up exceptional needs and rights. They select both vulnerabilities and competencies. They ar not simply adults-to-be who need to be moulded or just children who argon to be taken for granted. Children atomic number 18 social actors and stooge be active participants in social change. The Philippines is making significant progress in the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Still, privation coupled with political violence target serious challenges to children.The total number of ugly Philippine families is estimated at 4. 7 one million million million. The invasive population and the failure of home plate assure incomes to b whizz up as fast as commodity prices excite resulted in more low Filipino families. Poor refers to those whose incomes fall infra the threshold determined by the gov ernment, or those who cannot afford to provide in a sustained manner for their minimum lowlying needs for food, wellness, study, housing and other social amenities in life. In the Philippines, children who atomic number 18 dupes of violence ar categorized as children needing special protection (CNSP).CNSP includes child wear upon children-victims of knowledgeable aversion and commercial inner ontogenesis given and degenerateed or children without primary directiongivers children of indigenous cultural groups child-victims of disasters children in situations of arm conflict street children and, children in conflict with the law. Violence against Filipino children be committed with physical and mental ab drill/deprivation that manifest in the worst forms of child labour, child prostitution, beggary in the streets, abandonment, trafficking and /or recruitment as soldiers or couriers in atomic number 18as of armed conflict. more or less instances or forms of violence against Filipino children are attributed to poverty. The change magnitude account cases of violence against children are the social manifestations of a long memorial of poverty, characterized by a chronic or cyclical condition of deprivation of primary services that include fundamental education, health and nutrition services, kick the bucketlihood or employ opportunities, durable housing and clothing. scantiness has touch several generations of a lot of Filipino families that has resulted in lacking(predicate) parental capabilities, agonistic family relationship and corrupted values.Children are products of their environments. Their situation mirrors the realities of their families, community and society. While the Filipino family puts much premium on the welfare of its children, families are increasingly breaking down in the midst of the struggle for survival. In the process, children are inadvertently sacrificed. The paragraphs on the next pages are studies of the sit uation of Filipino children and young people. poverty and Luck of pedagogy If you have an education, you wont go hungry and you live with comforts of a sign. You are liveness a good life. on that point is Michelle 16 year olds.She lives in Payatas. Life is arduous in a garbage town. At such young age children invite and sell garbage. Despite the danger they are forced to work. Many have had accidents and died. When typhoon Ketsana came, her house was destroyed. Her mom lost her job. With no house and no money for food, Michelle and her siblings could not go to schooltime anymore. Twelve-year-old Marian is one of the millions of Filipino children whose education has taken a backseat overdue to poverty. The fifth of eight children, she fled her home when she was 10 because she said her jobless parents hurt her.Marian is supposed to be in the sixth grade this year, but shes presently enrolled as a Grade 1 pupil, learning basic language lessons and math skills in a open si mple-minded school in Cainta, Rizal. A authoritative Ate Rowena took her in and convinced her to go back to school. Marian has to face challenges in school. other children tease me because Im still in Grade 1but I dont mind them because this is my chance to continue and give the axe my studies, she said. Despite the challenges, Marian is lucky differentiate to thousands of other Filipino children.Education is a right, however today 121 million people cannot go to school because of poverty. The poor would recognise to feed the body kinda of ply the mind. They would choose to work in jobs to begin with working for a better approaching in school. need has deprived them from their right to education. Billions of children are experiencing the nightmare of poverty. What does the future hold for them, and for the whole world? Poverty, hungers pr thus fart Filipino kids from getting basic education. Despite the yearly increase in the budget for basic education, fewer children are enrolling in schools.Poverty is one of the main causes of the farmings poor education record and has bear upon participation in education in more ways than one. Lack of ad hominem evoke came in second at 22 per cent, while the luxuriously equal of education came in a termination third at 19. 9 percent. Other soils include, among others, housekeeping, illness or disability, failure to header with school work, and hold from school. The lack of entertain among school children indicates a weakness on the part of the school system to collapse education interest for the students.This may be due to poor teaching shade, inadequate facilities and supplies and poor infrastructure. Poverty, social exclusion, school distance and poor health care, are factors that crusade heavily on children and dampen their interest to pursue schooling. The challenge, in that respectfore, is how to assoil the school interesting and encouraging rather than intimidating how to make it inclusive, n on-discriminatory and poor-sensitive rather than exclusive and elite-oriented and how to make it meet rather than restricting.Finally, the education content, process and stimulate should be made more significant to the childrens life experiences by ensuring appropriate, culture-sensitive and values-based interventions. The Education department said hunger and malnutrition are as well as barriers to participation in education. DepEd started implementing the nutrient for School Program chthonian the intensify Hunger Mitigation Plan. It was done with the Health, proceedionate Welfare departments, the matter nutriment way and local government units. As a motivation to go to school, it sends the wrong put across to poor children go to school to get one kilo of rice quite of the value of learning it is also an added outcome for children as poor parents encourage their children to take to heart classes to be able to avail of the cursory ration. Street Children in that res pect is an estimated 1. 5 million street children in the Philippines. They decease each day by begging, marketing or by taking medicines. Would you care to give them a future? The country has a high number of street children.Street children are susceptible to malnutrition, vehicular accidents, injuries illnesses, medicine or substance insult, familiar exploitation, gambling and harassment by jurisprudence or other extortionists. They also execute to join gangs as a form of protection. A lot of children are also involved in drug occupation in their communities by serving as runners, lookouts, barkers or by doing repacking and cleaning up of paraphernalia. Drug pushers prefer to hire children, because they are obedient and not easily detected. Cebu urban center is a booming centre of throw and tourism in the Visayan region of the Philippines.In Cebu City alone, it was estimated that about 1,300 children were eng fourth-year in such activities. Respondents in the said bai liwick entitled Childrens Involvement in the Production, Sales and Trafficking of Drugs in Cebu City reported that their environment was conducive for their involvement in drug trading particularly since their barangay officials were also involved in said ineligible activities. The need for money was the major reason that drove them to work in drug trading. Most of the children-respondents were drug users themselves and about tercet of them had parents also involved in drug trading. several(prenominal) children got physically or verbally ab apply both by the drug leader and law. Street children are loosely thin, untidy, nethernourished, and hardly equipped to survive the hazards of daily living and working on the streets. about of the hazards they face include sickness, physical injuries from motor accidents, street fights, harassment from extortionists and police, informal exploitation by pedophiles and pimps, exposure to substance twist around and energizeually transmitted diseases. The to the highest degree commons substances street children used are inhalants, such as solvents, rugby and cough syrups, followed by marijuana and shabu.Marijuana and shabu in particular are shared with friends whenever one of the groups has enough money to buy them. Some street children take drugs as lots as once a day. undernourishment more than half million Pinoy kids miss from severe malnutrition. The next generation of Filipinos will probably be shorter and lighter if the incidence of malnutrition in the country remains unchecked. match to the latest study by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute, three in all 10 Filipino children patriarchal 5 and downstairs are scrabbly or too short for their age while two in e really 10 children also in the homogeneous age range are underweight. four several(prenominal) million Filipino children are undernourish and the number is expected to grow. FNRI revealed that the prevalence of malnutrition is highest in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, the Zamboanga Peninsula, Confederate Tagalog, Southern Mindanao, and easterly Visayas regions, where up to triad of children under the age of 10 are either underweight or short for their age. only when malnutrition is not just commonplace in rural regions, FNRI said. In vacuum tube Manila, 4 out of every light speed children are underweight and two out of every 100 preschoolers are overweight. change magnitude food prices would only worsen the malnutrition in the country.UNICEF demonstrates that the underlying causes of malnutrition are multifaceted, including economic, social, and political factors. Poverty is recognized as both a cause and consequence of malnutrition. Child Trafficking man trafficking is a serious hassle in the Philippines. Aside from being a source country for human trafficking and commercial enkindleual exploitation, it is also a transit and finis country. Between 60 000 and 100 000 children are trafficked annual ly, most of them girls. Children are recruited by agents from poor families in rural areas, who send their daughters to the city to earn money.The Philippines has a serious trafficking problem of children hotly recruited into the tourist industry for cozy exploitation. Destinations within the country are underpass Manila, Angeles City, Olongapo City, towns in Bulacan, Batangas, Cebu City, Davao and Cagayan de Oro City and other sex tourist resorts such as Puerto Galera, which is notorious, Pagsanjan, Laguna, San Fernando Pampanga, and numerous beach resorts throughout the country. The promise of recruiters offers the parents and children showy jobs in the country or abroad, and instead they are persuade and forced and controlled into the sex industry for tourists.Child Abuse over 200,000 Filipino children have experienced abuse. The DSWD classifies child abuse cases as abandoned, neglected, familiarly abused, sexually exploited, physically abused/maltreated, victims of child labor, victims of dirty recruitment, victims of child trafficking, victims of armed conflict, and others (emotionally abused, etc. ). The regions with the most number of child abuse cases advertd are NCR, Central Visayas, Central Luzon, Cagayan Valley, and Zamboanga Peninsula. The reduction in the number of cases served came mainly from Zamboanga Peninsula.More than half of the child abuse victims are aged 10 to downstairs 18 long time old. Revolting is the fact that about one out of four victims is aged below five years old. By category, more than one-half of abused children served by the DSWD have either been abandoned or neglected, comprising the most common cases. Why are they abandoned and/or neglected? Are these innocuous children victims of unwanted pregnancies, or of abject poverty? After abandoned/neglected children, sexually abused children are the second most common cases. And despite the Anti-Rape Law of 1997 (Republic proceed (RA) No. 353), the most common sexual a buse is rape, followed by incest and acts of lasciviousness. Rape victims are predominantly female. One wonders whether the prohibition under RA 9346 in 2006 of the death penalisation originally possible for convicted rape offenders under certain conditions has contributed to this social problem. And quite unreassuring is the relatively vainglorious number of incest cases, affair tending to the breakdown of the family as a social institution. Does the CWC have a syllabus to address this sensitive social erupt? Some victims of child labor are only 5 to below 10 years old.While child labourde?ned by the Department of Labor and workplace (DOLE) as the employment of children below 15 years of age and the employment of those below 18 years in dubious or deleterious work is declare illegal, the government di?erentiate it from child work, which is considered an acceptable career for children. In reality though, the distinction is not clear. Even the exemption provided for when parents give hope for their childs engaging in labour validates the reality that a familys economic status decides whether or not a child is forced to work.Victims of pedophilia have been reported in Eastern Visayas, NCR, and MIMAROPA. Most of the sexually-exploited children are either victim of prostitution or of cyber pornography. The child prostitution cases went up slightly. Cyber pornography victims are served in NCR, Central Visayas, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Ilocos Region. And while the absolute number of cyber pornography cases may be small, on that point could possibly be many more, as is probably the case with child prostitution, who have not sought help from the DSWD.This should serve as a stern exemplification about the danger of allowing children unguided retrieve to the Internet. Situation of Education in the Philippines In spite of a constitutional mandate, the budget allocation on education is far lower than required in the Philippines. The electrical shock of ec onomic crisis and the pressures of increasing population are forcing parents to send their wards to overcrowded and ill-equipped public schools. And the school itself is not unusual in a country whose population of 92 million is exploding so fast, and whose education budget is so small, that it cannot find space to teach its children.More children are also coming into the public schools as the economy tightens and families cannot afford the seaport of private schools, with their smaller classes. Many children, lesser classrooms This school year opened with a nationwide enrolment of millions of students from primary through high school, almost exactly a million more than in the previous(prenominal) year. Although the government began a classroom-building program, the schools are still classrooms short, according to Juan Miguel Luz, a former under secretary of education who works with the National Institute of Policy Study, which advocates better education policies.To squeeze in al l the students, many classrooms have been divided into two by partitions. Stairwells and corridors have been converted into miniature classrooms. In the capital, Manila, Education Department figures show an fair of one toilet for every 143 high school students and one for every 114 childlike school students. At Munoz-Palma High School, some lavatories have been converted into claustrophobic competency lounges, while the lounges have been put to use as classrooms. I have 106 students in my class and 90 seats, said anti-racketeering law Encinares, 34, a chemistry teacher. Everybody has seats if some of them are absent. But if they all come, thither are not enough seats. They have to share seats. Teacher- Missing on quality education Only about 10% of his students the truly motivated ones get a quality education, he said. Individual attention is almost impossible. I dont know the names of all my students, even at the end of the school year, he said. You only remember the ones wh o are very noisy or very good. But the silent ones who just sit there listening, you cant recall their names. -Teacher- Children in conflict The political violence continues to affect children in the country. Local authorities have been involved in death-squad operations targeting children. There are also reports of children being used by government linked paramilitaries and armed opposition. Children, sometimes as young as 11 years old, have been recruited by armed rebel movements, such as the New Peoples Army, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, and the Abu Sayyaf Group, to serve as combatants, spies, guards, cooks or medics. check to 2005 estimates, up to 13 per cent of the armed group MILFs 10,000 members were children. According to existing studies, usually males between the ages of 11 and 17 who have low educational attainment, mostly reaching only the elementary level. They are usually middle or in-between children in very large low-income families. Various studies have estab lished that many of these children are either on the streets or of the streets when they were apprehended.While a signi?cant number still live with parents or a relative, they are usually out on the streets to eke out a living or are involved in helpmate groups or gangs, which are usually associated with vices and illegal activities. Justice The age of criminal responsibility is 9 years. Despite legislative and procedural safeguards put in place in 2006 with the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act, children in detention are imprisoned in concert with adults in poor detention conditions, increasing the risk of physical or sexual abuse.The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child is affright over the increasing reports of cases of child abuse and neglect and the notable deficiencies in domesticated legislation as regards penalizing all forms of abuse, neglect and mis intercession, including sexual abuse. This includes alleged cases of sexual abuse of children in the framework of relig ious institutions. There are also a number of reported cases of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment of children, particularly of children in detention. Many children below the age of 18 are located with adults in detention.References * http//resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/start/countries/philippines * http//www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/111257/news/specialreports/poverty-hunger-prevent-filipino-kids-from-getting-basic-education * http//newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/ adopt/20080705-146662/4M-malnourished-Filipino-children * http//newsinfo.inquirer.net/232299/more-filipino-children-stunted-due-to-malnutritionixzz2YSsYkc6e* http//newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20100204-251263/Over-200000-Filipino-children-are-victims-of-abuse-says-group * http//www.nscb.gov.ph/headlines/StatsSpeak/2011/101011_rav.asp * http//www.crin.org/docs/resources/publications/violence.pdf * http//southasia.oneworld.net/archive/globalheadlines/school-education-faces-worst-eve r-crisis-in-philippines