The Future of Iptv and Ip-Video

ECE 6613: Broadband Access Networks The Future of IPTV and IP-Video Ji Hwan Kim Georgia Institute of Technology 325050 Georgia Tech Station Atlanta, GA 30332 Abstract— This paper describes the various IPTV architectures and components, which enables large-scale integration of current and future IPTV network. IPTV technologies are transforming how we perceive TV services today and global television industry as whole. However, there is pressing need for improvement on IPTV side to meet the Quality of Experience that is equal to or better than traditional TV services.In recent years, we have seen tremendous growth in Information Technology industry with the emergence of smart phone. Various new technologies are in its development to meet the demand of higher data rate, reliable data transfer, and readily available resources with distributed cloud servers to improve quality of service to the customers. With growing number of smart phone users, IPTV service has become ever more pop ular in telecommunication companies to provide streaming videos through the different new infrastructures.The biggest competitors in IPTV service in the U. S. are Verizon FioS (FTTP) and AT&T U-verse (FTTN) providing triple-play bundle service to the customer. In this paper, we are going to discuss IPTV service architecture difference of Verizon FiOS, AT&T U-verse, Cable Company, and Netflix as well as current IPTV research and development to increase quality of experience through multicast and cloud computing. Also we will analyze some of the emerging IPTV application in the future. Key Words — Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), Verizon FiOS, AT&T U-verse, MulticastIntroduction Today’s IPTV services IPTV technologies are transforming how we perceive TV services today and global television industry as whole. It is a collection of modern technologies in computing, networking, and storage combined to deliver high quality television contents through IP network. It is be coming a platform which changing how we access information and entertainment. In recent years, we have seen tremendous growth in video and networking technologies with the emergence of smart phone.Various new technologies are in its development to meet the demand of higher data rate, reliable data transfer, and readily available resources, distributed cloud servers, to improve quality of service to the customers. The figure below [1] is an example of IPTV broadband network inside a home. [pic] Fig. 1. Diagram of IPTV Broadband Network Inside Home. With IPTV service, video contents are not only limited to the TV but can utilize in multiple platforms to enjoy video content anywhere, anytime, and anydevice.IPTV alter the way the customer consume video content like personal video recorders have done and lets customer have complete control of their entertainment experience to a next level. [pic] Fig. 2. U. S. Multichannel Video Subscriber Census Above is a figure of U. S. Multichannel Vi deo Subscriber Census by SNL Kagan [2]. In 2011, the cable industry lost 1. 8 million video subscribers whereas IPTV providers gained 1. 6 million. This shows that IPTV industry is gaining market share on video content provider and it is expected to grow even more.Cable TV delivers entire line-up of broadcast content channels all the time which requires huge amount of bandwidth being delivered all the time into the home and cable companies are moving toward IPTV delivery services to reduce bandwidth on their infrastructure. IPTV architecture is very different in that it only delivers the single channel that is requested by the consumer’s individual TV. Therefore, IPTV architecture can greatly reduce bandwidth by only providing specific request from the consumer at any given time [4]. [pic] Fig. 3.Expected Growth in IPTV subscribers. However, there is pressing need for improvement on IPTV side to meet the Quality of Experience that is equal to or better than traditional TV ser vices. To provide great quality of experience in IPTV requires almost no packet loss, delay variation of 200ms, and delivery of no more than one perceivable error during a two-hour movie. This constrains and requirements puts heavy burden on service provider to provide reliable and lossless IPTV to customers and requires video admission control. The paper is outlined as follows.In Section II, we overview the different IPTV system and architecture exist today and how service providers are planning to improve their IPTV infrastructure. In Section III we will discuss the multicast protocol in depth and current research from Cisco to deliver IPTV service with multicast protocol. In Section V, we will discuss some of the potential future application that can be seen in near future with IPTV service. IPTV System and architecture IPTV networks generate their video contents for transmission using many clustered components collectively called headends.There are three common types of IPTV hea dends to meet national, regional and local content distribution requirements. Super Headends (SHE) receives and digests content on the national level typically from satellites. After processing and encoding, the SHEs distribute the national content to video hub offices (VHO) over a core IP/MPLS network. VHOs aggregate national, regional, and local content with the on-demand services, and serve metropolitan areas with a population of between 100,000 to 500,000 homes.VHOs are connected to video switching offices (VSO) over metro aggregation networks. VSOs distributed the IPTV streams to the customer premises over access network. The IPTV architecture is shown in Figure. 4. [pic] Fig. 4. End-to-End IPTV Network Architecture. The most conventional transport technique for IPTV is to multicast UDP/IP packets with MPEG-2 video compression scheme. The newer standard video architectures use RTP protocol which can provide error repair and stream monitoring unlike UDP protocol.IPTV service hav e slower channel change time compare to CATV service provider since all the TV channels are broadcasted simultaneously whereas IPTV needs to request certain channel from the provider. IPTV zapping time is affected by several factors such as Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) signaling delay of leaving and joining multicast group, MPEG decoding delay, program specific information (PSI) including program association table (PAT) and program map table (PMT) acquisition delay, random access point (RAP) delay, conditional access system (CAS) key acquisition delay, and de-jittering buffer delay in the STB [4].More detail of video admission control in IPTV multicast protocol will be discussed in Section III. IPTV service over a packet-switched network demands near zero packet loss and limited jitter. Thus, it is often necessary to enforce traffic management and admission control in IPTV network by sufficient provisioning and resource allocation [4]. More detail on resource allocation through retransmission server to improve IPTV will be discussed in Section III. Telco companies are embracing the IPTV technology since this will open up huge market share with Cable TV companies.Telco companies have been delivering packet-based IP traffic over their xDSL technology for many years and utilizing their existing technology to move to IPTV is a natural choice for them. However, there are great roadblocks to deploy IPTV over DSL which primarily concerned with quality of experience that is equal or better than traditional CATV. Below is the figure of IPTV infrastructure for Telco companies [1]. [pic] Fig. 5. Telco End-to-End IPTV Network Architecture. The primary difference in Telco companies’ architecture can be seen in red cloud shown in Fig. 5.Digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) is located in environmentally controlled vaults or huts. It is also called video ready access devices (VRAD), which is placed on lawns or easements or a common space in a partment building. DSLAM often serves 100 to 200 residential gateways (RGs) that are attached to the outside of a residence and various techniques are used to transport signal between DSLAM and RG. Very high-bit-rate DSL (VDSL) for copper and broadband passive optical network (BPON) and gigabit PON (GPON) for giber transport. This metro access segment uses a hub-and-spoke architecture [5].Cable companies have been utilizing Hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC), combine optical fibers and coaxial cables, network since early 1990s to provide broadband internet access over existing cable TV system and its been employed this protocol globally and Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) is the international standard for developing equipment for HFC networks. Cable IPTV architecture is able to evolve from the traditional CATV with simple changes by adding few more components: cable modem (CM), cable modem termination system (CMTS), and a PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM).The cable comp anies’ architecture is shown in the figure below. [pic] Fig. 6. Cable Company Network Architecture. The CMTS and CM can provide a bidirectional IP over DOCSIS transport in the HFC network. CMTS can provide media access control (MAC) and physical protocol layer (PHY) in a single device by integrate with DOCSIS however, cable industry is moving toward a modular CMTS (M-CMTS). M-CMTS separates MAC and PHY layers to improve the scalability of DOCSIS transport.The CMTS manages DOCSIS QAM switching and provides QoS over the DOCSIS channel as well as manages residential CMs by dynamically load-balancing CMs among DOCSIS downstream channels to optimize traffic flow. PCMM policy server in DOCSIS networks defines admission control QoS policies by using session managers to request and reserve bandwidth for CMTS to enforce these QoS policies. A. Verizon Fios In 2004, Verizon began deployment of its Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) access network. The initial deployment used the ITU-T G. 983 BPON standard and in 2007, Verizon began using equipment with the ITU-T G. 84 G-PON standard. Fig. 6 below is Verizon’s BPON FTTP architecture diagram describing the connection between Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical Network Terminal (ONT). OLT provides interface between Core network with voice, data, and video signals and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) boosts the [pic] Fig. 6. Verizon BPON FTTP architecture optical video signal. ONT performs the optical to electrical signal conversion and provide the data, voice, and video service to the subscriber. Wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) combines the three wavelengths onto a single fiber for transmission to the premises. 310nm wavelength is used for upstream traffic and for downstream, 1550nm (broadcast video) and 1490nm (data and voice) are being utilized. Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH) cabinet contains 1Ãâ€"32 passive optical splitters. Each subscriber is connected to a dedicated fiber between FHD and the premis es. BPON delivers 622 Mbps downstream and 155 Mbps upstream per PON for voice and data through ATM. FiOS provide over 600 channels between 50 to 870 MHz RF signal transmitted over the 1550nm wavelength. [pic] Fig. 7. Verizon FiOS RF spectrumGPON physical architecture is same as BPON however it provides significant improvements over BPON in bandwidth. GPON can provide 2. 5 Gbps downstream and 1. 2 Gbps upstream for data and voice and in addition, GPON have different transport by implementing Ethernet based protocol to transfer data instead of ATM. The comparison of BPON and GPON is shown in Table 1 below. [pic] Verizon uses Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) technology to provide data communication inside the resident. MoCA is installed in the ONT, Broadband Home Router, and set-top boxes and permits two-way IP data transmission over coax.By using MoCA, Verizon can reduce installation cost by using existing coax cable instead providing Ethernet cables to connect devices in the resi dent. [pic] Fig. 7. Verizon FiOS MoCA Verizon is using two main FTTP deployment schemes, the FTTP Overlay architecture and the FTTP Full Build. The [pic] Fig. 8. FTTP Overlay and Full Build Deployment Choice between two deployment scenarios is dependent on the specific deployment area and the likely take rates. In the FullBuild architecture, the fiber is deployed to each house and each subscriber gets an ONT together.In Overlay architecture, fiber is available to pass all homes and business in a distributed area but only a small percentage of homes and businesses are connected to and served with FTTP [7]. B. AT&T U-Verse In 2006, AT&T launched its U-Verse IPTV service (project lightspeed), comprising a national head-end and regional video-serving offices. AT&T offered over 300 channels in 11 cities through FTTN technology. AT&T utilizes copper pair to connect VRAD to Residential Gateway (RG) using xDSL technology. With U-verse, it can provide 25Mbps to home approximately 2500~4000 f eet away.By using MPEG-4 H. 264 compression technique, U-verse can provide 4 simultaneous TV stream (2HD and 2 SD TV), 2 VoIP and POTS service to the resident. Figure below is U-verse architecture. [pic] Fig. 9. U-verse FTTN Architecture The DSL technology at its beginning stages could only deliver 6 Mbps but now with ADSL2+ and VDSL, it can provide much higher bandwidth over a single copper pair. [pic] Fig. 10. xDSL technology. The various techniques are being implemented to improve the bandwidth and physical loop length capabilities of different DSL technologies.Bonding copper cable pairs can provide higher bandwidth by terminating 2 copper cable pairs together to act as 1 larger copper pair. ADSL2+ and VDSL is bonded together to provide higher bandwidth. VDSL can provide higher throughput than ADSL2+ however, it can only support short loop length. There is newest xDSL technology standard VHDSL2, which approved in February 2006, can provide bandwidth of 200 Mbit/s but maximum dist ance of 300 meters. xDSL technology goal is to provide VDSL speed with longer loop length [4]. The various different xDSL technology characteristics are shown in table below. TABLE 2. xDSL SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS. pic] AT&T typically uses mix of xDSL technologies to deliver broadband service to subscribers. Mainly ADSL2+ from the central office and VDSL2 from the VRAD through FTTN fiber based technology. C) Cable TV to IPTV Transition Cable companies are the largest subscription television service provider in the world and can easily integrate IPTV services to their existing infrastructure. In cable TV infrastructure, there are two main categories of digital video services: broadcast and on-demand Broadcast service defined as a service in which one copy of a program is sent to all subscriber in a broadcast manner.Broadcast services include : – Digital broadcast- Encoded/compressed programs are sent to a subscriber’s STB, where they are decoded/uncompressed for playbac k on a TV. All programs are transmitted regardless of which programs are currently watched by the customer – Switched digital video (SDV) – SDV is similar to digital broadcast but only requested programs are sent to a subscriber group. This group typically consists of all the subscribers served by HFC node which can serve range o 125 to 2000 subscribers. SDV is first two-way communication with subscriber for program selection.The digital broadcast architecture begins with the polling the content in the headend from satellite and terrestrial sources. The acquired content is generally forward to a multifunction media processing device performing following three functions: – Statmux – performs statistical time-devision multiplexing of real-time video content from various sources. – Groomer – adjust rates of content into a maximum bandwidth and limiting the rate of video burst – Splicer – inserts ads into programming breaks as need ed for a regional market. [pic]Fig. 11. CATV Architecture. The content is then forwarded across IP transport network to an IP-enabled quadrature amplitude modulator (QAM), where video content is encrypted and forward to STB for the customer. An out-of-band (OOB) channel provides the STB with basic tuning information, basic tuning information, decryption keys, software upgrade, and other communications. Switched Digital Video (SDV) was designed as a cost-effective method to expand bandwidth capacity in a way different than plant upgrades or better video compression method.Traditional digital broadcast sends all the channels into the HFC network but with SDV, programming terminates at the headend (VHO) or hub (VSO) and does not send channel unless it’s requested. When an SDV program is selected, tuning software in the receiver sends an upstream message and SDV session manager receives the quest and maps the program to a frequency within the allocated pool. If the program is alr eady being viewed within the same subscriber group, the task is as simple as reusing the existing session frequency information. On-Demand service is an interactive service where a requested video program is streamed to one subscriber.All on-demand content is encoded/compressed and stored on server to be received by individual subscriber’s request. On-demand services include following: – Video on demand- Content is stored on a server and subscriber views a list of titles and requests to view a specific title. The VOD system authorizes and streams the requested content to the requested user. – Network-based personal video record (nPVR) – this service is like home PVR except the content is on the service provider network. A subscriber uses the STB to record specific content to record and watches content at a user-chosen time which is same manner as VOD. pic] Fig. 12. Integrated Cable Video Service Architecture Cable IPTV architecture needs three newly added components to enable IPTV to their customers: Cable modem (CM), Cable Modem Termination system (CMTS), and a PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM). [pic] Fig. 13. Cable IPTV Architecture The CMTS and CM provide a two-way IP over DOCSIS transport in the HFC network. Cable Companies are moving toward M-CMTS technology, which can separate, MAC and PHY layer to improve scalability of DOCSIS transport unlike traditional CMTS where both MAC and PHY layer in a single device.In order to utilize IPTV in Cable company network, IP STBs or other IPTV capable devices must be able to receive video over IP transport and remove network delay variation. Major Cable companies are finding hybrid STBs as attractive solution for IPTV. The Hybrid STB with an embedded cable modem can receive video from either IP path or traditional QAM/RF transport path, which is good strategy to migrate from traditional cable architecture to IPTV. Admission control in Cable IPTV can be applied to both the IP network from the vi deo source to the CMTS, and the HFC network between the QAM and the CM through PCMM policy server.Policy server in DOCSIS networks defines QoS policies for CMTS to enforce them. Admission control signaling can be categorized as off-path and on-path. Off-path is when the control path is different from the data path and on-path signaling traverses the data path for bandwidth requests that use the commonly selected Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP). In order to provide better IPTV services to the customers, Cable industry must improve bandwidth efficiency in the last mile. The biggest recent innovation to optimize available bandwidth is SDV but additional solutions are becoming more important as cable company transition to IPTV service.QAM sharing holds great promise of improving bandwidth efficiency without the need of major change in their current infrastructure. However, there are several factors contribute to the bandwidth efficiency of QAM sharing: †¢ Even if SDV and VOD h ave the same peak hours, a viewer is likely to receive only one service at a time. †¢ The gain of QAM sharing comes from the statistical advantage of a bigger QAM pool, shared by two or more services. †¢ Differing peak hours of DOCSIS and video service contribute additional gains.For instance, the spectrum allocated for DOCSIS commercial services during the day may by reallocated for video services in the evening. Dynamic QAM sharing is being realized through new technologies and standards for the following reasons: †¢ The DOCSIS M-CMTS architecture, which separates the DOCSIS MAC and PHY protocol layers. This allows the PHY layer (specifically the QAMs) to be dynamically allocated and de-allocated. †¢ The recent emergence of universal QAMs, which can function as either MPEG video QAMs or DOCSIS QAMs. †¢ Standardization in edge QAM resource management. pic] Fig. 14. Dynamic QAM Sharing with M-CMTS Architecture ERMI specifies several interfaces to an edge res ource manager (ERM). The ERM is a plat- form that manages and leases QAM channel bandwidth for all applications: †¢ ERMI-1 is an interface for edge devices to register QAM channels to the ERM and notify the ERM of any QAM failures or state changes. †¢ ERMI-2 is an interface for the ERM to bind the QAM resources from an edge device to the resource allocation request. †¢ ERMI-3 is an interface for the M-CMTS core to allocate QAM-channel andwidth from the ERM. Variable bit rate (VBR) video provides considerable bit saving compared to constant bit rate (CBR) video. WITH VBR statistical multiplexing, Cable Company can save as much as 30 percent of bandwidth by just varying the output data per time segment. Recently, DOCSIS 3. 0 was release to compete with Telco companies FTTx deployment and it is redefined the communication between cable modem (CM) located at subscriber premises and cable modem termination system (CMTS) at cable service provider’s network headend. D OCSIS 3. are design to allow channel bonding to boost up network throughput and number of bonded channel is usually 4 or 8. With DOCSIS 3. 0 standard, it can provide 300 Mbps download and 100 Mbps upload [8]. TABLE 3. DOCSIS 3. 0 Standards and Characteristics [pic] D) Netflix OTT IPTV System and Architecture Netflix is the leading provider of OTT on-demand internet video streaming in the US and Canada with more than 23 million subscribers. Netflix can stream out HD quality video with average bitrate of 3. 6 Mbps and it is single largest source of Internet traffic in the US by consuming 29. % of peak download traffic. [pic] Fig. 15. Netflix Architecture Designing large-scale network infrastructure to support fast growing video streaming platform with high availability and scalability is technically challenging. The Majority Netflix infrastructure used to be hosted in its own datacenter but recently resorted to the use of cloud services, Content Distribution Networks (CDNs), and other public computing services. Amazon AWS cloud is being utilized by replacing its in house IT infrastructure along with SimpleDB, S3 and Cassandra for file storage.Video streaming is distributed out of multiple content distributed networks (CDNs), UltraDNS, and a public DNS service is used as its authoritative DNS servers. Microsoft Silverlight is employed as the video playback platform for Netflix desktop users and Netflix manages to build its IPTV with little infrastructure of its own. †¢ Netflix data centers – Netflix uses its own IP address space for the host name www. netflix. com. This server primarily handles registration of new user accounts and captures payment information and redirect users to movies. etflix. com or signup. netflix. com. This server does not interact with the client when handling movie request and playback. †¢ Amazon Cloud service – Most of the Netflix servers are served from various Amazon cloud services and key functions are content ingestion, log recording/analysis, DRM, CDN routing, user sign-in, and mobile device support †¢ Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) – Netflix utilize multiple CDNs to deliver the video content to the subscriber. The encoded and DRM protected videos are stored in Amazon cloud and copied to CDNs.The three main CDNS are Akamai, LimeLight, and Level-3. These three servers provide same quality level content to all the subscribers. †¢ Player – Netflix employ Silver light to download, decode and play Netflix movies on desktop web browser. There are different players for mobile phones and other devices such as Wii, PS3, Xbox, Roku, etc. Netflix utilize Dynamic Streaming over HTTP (DASH) protocol for streaming. In DASH, each video is encoded at several different quality levels and is divided into small chunks. The client requests one video chunk at a time via HTTP.With each download, it measures the received bandwidth and runs a rate determination algorithm to deter mine the quality of the next chunk request. It allows the player to freely switch between different quality levels depending on the bandwidth of subscriber. TABLE 4. KEY NETFLIX HOSTNAME [pic] Netflix Client player have many functions to improve its performance and quality of experience (QOE). Netflix video streaming is controlled by instruction in a manifest file, which Silverlight client downloads. This metafile provides the DASH player metadata to conduct the adaptive video streaming capability.It is client-specific and generated according to each client’s playback and bandwidth capability. It is in XML format and contains several key pieces of information including list of the CDNs, location of trickplay data, video/audio chunk URLs for multiple quality level, and timing parameters such as time-out interval, polling interval and other data to provide QoE to users. Manifest files ranks CDNs to indicate which CDNS are preferred for content delivery. Trickplay is achieved by downloading a set of thumbnail images for periodic snapshot during network congestion [15]. IPTV multicasting protocolIn early IP networks, a packet could be sent either in unicast (single device) or broadcast (all devices). With multicast, single transmission for a group of devices is possible. Multicast transmissions enable efficient communication between groups of devices by allowing Data to be transmitted to a single multicast IP address and received by the group of interest. Multicast over IPTV network presents many challenges related to reservation of resource and maintaining quality of experience (QoE). Backbone can be built based on IP/MPLS and the routers can be enabled for multicast using IGMP protocols.Before going into detail of multicast protocol in IPTV, we will discuss multicast protocol in detail and how it can help IPTV through multicast mechanism. TABLE 5. IGMPV2 AND IGMPV3 MAJOR DIFFERENCE [pic] The IGMP was defined to allow a host computer to select a stream fro m a group of multicast streams a user request. Following is the basic functions IGMP protocol: †¢ Join: an IGMP host indicates that it wants to receive information from a multicast group to become a member. †¢ Leave: An IGMP host indicates that it no longer wishes to receive information from a multicast group. Query: An IGMP router can ask the hosts which groups they are member of. This is done to verify a JOIN/LEAVE request or to look for error conditions. Queries maybe be: o Specific Query: Asks whether the host is a member of a specific multicast group o General Query: Asks the host to indicate all groups that it belongs to †¢ Membership Report: an IGMP host tells the IGMP host what group it belongs to. This report can be either: o Solicit Membership Report: Sent in response to a QUERY o Unsolicited Membership Report: initiated by the client.In the IPTV network, each broadcast TV channel is an IP multicast group. The subscriber changes the channel by leaving one gr oup and joining a different group. IGMPv1 is not suitable for IPTV because it does not include an explicit â€Å"Leave† capability. The client will continue to receive all requested stream until the multicast router issues next query. The standard for IGMPv2 and IGMPv3 major difference is shown in Table 5. IGMPv2 supports Any Source Multicast (ASM) networks and which allows host to specify which multicast group it wishes to join.Most deployed IPTV clients supports IGMPv2. The Major enhancement in IGMPv3 is that it allows Support Specific Multicast (SSM). Host can specify the source address it wants to listen to. Here’s basic IGMP operation involving two devices: †¢ IGMP host (client or STB) – issues messages to join or leave a multicast group. The client also responds to queries from the multicast router. †¢ IGMP router – responds to the join and leave messages to determine if multicast groups should be forward out an interface. Periodic queries are used to discover from error conditions and verify requests.The IGMP router receives multicast groups either through the use of a multicast protocol such as PIM or static flooding. It is the termination point for IGMP messages and does not send any IGMP information to its upstream neighbors. [pic] Fig. 16. DSL Access Network IPTV Service In xDSL IPTV architecture, the subscriber initiates channel change requests and responds to status inquiries. The Routing Gateway (RG) at the subscriber’s site and DSLAM aggregate traffic from multiple subscribers in order to act on request from the STB.However, IGMP networks were not originally designed to have networking equipment between IGMP client and the IGMP routers. This creates some challenges to the multicast implementation: – Excessive multicast traffic: When delivering high bandwidth IPTV over broadband network, it is important to ensure that IPTV channels are forward only to those subscriber currently viewing them sinc e bandwidth is scarce. If the intermediate devices are unaware of IGMP flows then all multicast traffic is broadcast out all ports – Excessive IGMP traffic: Extra bandwidth is consumed as IGMP flows are broadcast to across the network.A single STB IGMP request can result in responses from thousands of IGMP peer clients. – Excessive time to Leave a group: With small spare bandwidth in broadband networks, Leave request often must be processed before additional join request can be served. To mitigate above challenges, several techniques are proposed and developed in intermediary devices: Local Replication, Proxy routing, Proxy Reporting, and Immediate Leave. Local replication, IGMP snooping from DSLAM, allows DSLAM to inspect incoming IGMP Join and Leave request and take appropriate action.If the channel being requested to view is already being received at the DSLAM, it will replicate the stream and forward to the subscriber. The DSLAM builds a table to track which channe l are being forwarded to each port. [pic] Fig. 17. DSLAM with IGMP Snooping Proxy routing works by allowing intermediate device (DSLAM) takes active role of terminating all IGMP flows. This makes DSLAM to act as IGMP host and responds to all incoming requests. DSLAM will recreate the IGMP request and use its own IP address as source.The major benefit of proxy routing is scaling since router is not aware of individual subscribers. [pic] Fig. 18. IGMP Proxy Routing Proxy Reporting reduces the number of IGMP packets flowing across the network by selectively dropping IGMP packets that are not need to be forwarded. The Proxy Reporting can be subdivided to two categories: Query Suppression and Report Suppression. Query Suppression reduces traffic between the DSLAM and the subscriber premises by having the DSLAM intercept and respond to IGMP queries sent by the router.DSLAM will never send a specific query to any clients and forward general queries only to those client receiving at least o ne multicast group. [pic] Fig. 19. Query Suppression. Report Suppression reduces traffic from DSLAM to the router by having DSLAM aggregate the response. The DSLAM can intercept IGMP reports coming from STB and forwards a summarized version to the IGMP router only when it is necessary. There are two categories of reports. Unsolicited membership reports are forward when first subscriber joins a multicast group or last subscriber leaves a multicast group.This tells router to begin or stop sending channel to this DSLAM. Solicited membership reports are forward once per multicast group. The DSLAM will aggregate multiple responses together into a single membership report to save bandwidth. [pic] Fig. 20. Report Suppression Immediate leave alleviate IPTV challenge to change channel rapidly. The standard IGMP Leave operation for channel change is as follow: – The STB sends a request to leave one multicast group – Router responds by issuing Membership Query to confirm the requ est. The STB responds with a Membership Report which does not include the multicast group By implementing immediate leave, STB can leave the multicast group by just simply sending a request to leave one multicast group [16]. [pic] Fig. 21. Standard IGMP Leave and Immediate Leave. The emerging IPTV deployments utilize Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) in order to deliver media content. Unlike UDP, RTP protocol can provide sequence numbers to maintain packet ordering and detect losses, and timing information to determine network delay and synchronize timing between senders and receivers.RTP control protocol maintains session state between senders and receivers and report sender and receiver statistics bi-directionally [17]. The rapid acquisition is illustrated in the Fig 22 flow diagram below. [pic] Fig. 22. Rapid Acquisition Flow Diagram 1) The RTP receiver sends a Multicast Leave message to its upstream multicast router to leave the current multicast session and end the currently v iewed channel. 2) The RTP receiver sends a feedback message to the feedback target asking for rapid acquisition for the session it wants to join. In this feedback message, the RTP receiver can specify its specific requirements. ) The retransmission server receives the feedback message and decides whether or not to accept the request. If the retransmission server accepts the request, it sends a message to the RTP receiver that describes the burst that the retransmission server will generate and send, including the indication when the RTP receiver should join the new multicast session. The unicast burst stream consists of retransmission of a specific block of packets which will allow the RTP receiver to begin displaying video without waiting for a certain random access point to arrive in the multicast flow.If the retransmission server denies the request, it informs the RTP receiver immediately. 4) If the retransmission server accepts the request, it transmits the unicast burst data an d any additional message(s) needed to carry the key information about the new channel. The key information is used to prime the decoder inside the IPTV STB so that it can start decoding sooner. The unicast burst continues at a higher than natural rate until the unicast burst catches up with the real-time multicast flow. The sustainable burst rate depends on the access network link characteristics. ) At the appropriate moment (as indicated or computed from the burst parameters), the RTP receiver joins the new multicast session by sending a Multicast Join message to its upstream multicast router. 6) The RTP receiver starts receiving the multicast flow and completes the rapid acquisition. The STB will not join multicast session immediately with rapid acquisition since there would not be enough available left over on the access link. By utilizing unicast burst sent from the retransmission server o catch up with the multicast flow in a reasonable amount of time before joining to multicas t group allows faster channel switching capability rather than joining multicast group immediately [18]. Cloud Computing service in IPTV IPTV videos can be delivered to subscribers through various different network structures. For many years, Proxy servers have been utilized to decrease network traffic and delays through high speed and robust connection. Telco companies are looking for ways to keep service calls rejections to minimum through cloud service for on-demand IPTV service. Figure below shows on-demand IPTV service for cloud architecture. pic] Fig. 23. On-demand IPTV cloud services Video can be streamed from any of the virtual servers by load balancing among server and handle peak loads by avoid overload to achieve continuous, high utilization levels of servers. Virtual servers can provide low cost computing resources. The Virtual server acts like a dedicated server but it co-reside on a single physical machines acting as multiple physical dedicated server. However, if too many virtual servers reside on the single physical machine, services may face problem due to scarce computing resource per virtual server.Virtual storage through cloud computing allow easy share of resources among themselves. Physical storage is virtualized into virtual disk, which allows storage consolidation across heterogeneous vendors and protocols, enabled by dynamically growing and shrinking of storage through live migration, in the enterprise storage area network to be used by applications [22]. F uture application of IPTV The key to differentiating IPTV from traditional TV service of VOD and Network-based personal video record (nPVR) is the real-time interactive application and social TV.With FTTx or Gigabit Ethernet providing more bandwidth in broadband network allows new killer application to maximize the value of the IPTV service. A) SayUTV SayUTV service allows users’ participation into TV sports, discussion, variety show, and so on. SayUTV allow mixing their vide o and sources into provider’s content to allow maximum interactive and customize IPTV content. The subscriber can click participation button on SayUTV GUI. After service provider or host of the content allows his/her participation, the subscriber’s audio and video content is mixed into program’s content.All the viewer of the content can view the participant’s image and voice. [pic] Fig. 26. SayUTV Service System Architecture SayUTV service divides the role of users into three major roles: †¢ Controller – who creates a service session and has a control over that session. †¢ Participants – who joins the session and contributes his/her own multimedia content. †¢ Simple Viewer – who enjoys this service in a passive way [pic] Fig. 27. SayUTV Implementation. SayUTV is an advanced IPTV service, which combined with bidirectional multimedia communication technologies allowing interactive user-participation [20].B) IPTV Interacti ve Online Shopping In order for IPTV service provider to maximize the profit from IPTV service require smart ad insertion based on customers’ preference. TV series and sports media are well known for effective product advertisement aid. Apparels worn by a main actress of TV series or MVP sports athletes have greater potential for larger sales than conventional display by online shopping website. In order to provide customer’s shopping craving while watching TV series or sports event is to add additional information to the product description field such as TV series name, and character or athletes name.This will allow customers place some tags on that particular product through watching particular TV series or service provider can collect customers’ preference based on content and insert smart ad targeting each subscriber. [pic] Fig. 28. Shopperama Service Screen in Korea Shopperama is OTT provider in Korea providing series, which have broadcasted through a TV st ation, online along with smart ad insertion. The apparels worn by main actors and products inside the episode are displayed in a synchronized manner with video content as shown in Fig 25.This allows customer to shop for products very easily while watching TV series and reduce customer’s burden of trying to find particular product [21]. To improve interactive online shopping with IPTV service still needs many enhancements to fully flourish in E-business model. Behavior targeting content to users is estimate to be 20 billion dollar industry and in order for IPTV interactive online shopping to gain market share requires smart integration of cross layer platforms. C) Final Remarks With IPTV service deployment, Cable Company is afraid of cord-cutting case.The IPTV service is gaining popularity amongst consumer and there are many opportunities for new killer application to integrate with IPTV service. In this paper, we described current IPTV architecture in the market and presented recent efforts to improve IPTV technology. Emerging IPTV mobile systems are also gaining a lot of attention and consumer trends demonstrate that IPTV will continue to be in demand. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Prof. G K Chang for giving me an opportunity to work on this topic and learn more about multicast protocol to provide IPTV service.I was able to learn more about IPTV architecture and current trend in network research in video streaming protocol. References 1] â€Å"IPTV and the Future of Video Services† [online] Available: http://www. employees. org/~acbegen/files/IPTV_Tutorial_CCNC_2010_abegen. pdf 2] â€Å"U. S. Multichannel Subscriber Update and Geographic Analysis,† white paper, SNL Kagan, Dec. 2012. 3] Ali C. Begen, â€Å"Error control for IPTV over xDSL networks,† in Proc. IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conf. (CCNC), Special Session on IPTV Technologies and Applications, Las Vegas, NV, Jan. 008 4] A. Yarali and A. Cherry, †Å"Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). † In TELCON 2005 2005 IEEE Region 10, 2005, pp. 1-6. 5] Doverspike, R. ; Guangzhi Li; Oikonomou, K. N. ; Ramakrishnan, K. K. ; Sinha, R. K. ; Dongmei Wang; Chase, C. ; , â€Å"Designing a Reliable IPTV Network,† Internet Computing, IEEE , vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 15-22, May-June 2009 6] Finn, J. ; , â€Å"PON Technology in the Verizon Network,† Global Telecommunications Conference, 2008. IEEE GLOBECOM 2008. IEEE , vol. , no. , pp. 1-5, Nov. 30 2008-Dec. 4 2008 doi: 10. 1109/GLOCOM. 008. ECP. 1076 7] M. Abrams, P. C. Becker, Y. Fujimoto, V. O’Byrne, and D. Piehler,â€Å"FTTP deployments in the United States and Japan—Equipment choices and service provider imperatives,† J. Lightw. Technol. , vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 236–246, Jan. 2005. 8] CableLabs, â€Å"Modular CMTS Interfaces,† http://www. cablemodem. com/specifications/m-cmts. html 9] CableLabs, â€Å"Data Over Cable Service Interface Specificatio n,† http://cablemodem. com/ 10] CableLabs PacketCable, â€Å"PacketCable Multimedia Specification,†2005. 11] CableLabs, â€Å"Modular CMTS Interfaces,† ttp://www. cablemodem. com/specifications/m-cmts. html 12] CableLabs, â€Å"DOCSIS 3. 0 Interface Specification,† 2007. 13] CableLabs, â€Å"DOCSIS M-CMTS Downstream External PHYInterface Specification,† 2007. 14] Vasudevan, S. V. ; Xiaomei Liu; Kollmansberger, K. ; , â€Å"IPTV Systems, Standards and Architectures: Part II – IPTV Architectures for Cable Systems: An Evolutionary Approach,† Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 102-109, May 2008 15] Adhikari, V. K. ; Yang Guo; Fang Hao; Varvello, M. ; Hilt, V. ; Steiner, M. Zhi-Li Zhang; , â€Å"Unreeling netflix: Understanding and improving multi-CDN movie delivery,† INFOCOM, 2012 Proceedings IEEE , vol. , no. , pp. 1620-1628, 25-30 March 2012 16] â€Å"Introduction to IGMP for IPTV Networks,† White Paper, Ju niper Network. , 2007 17] RFC 3550, â€Å"RTP: A transport protocol for real-time applications. † [Online]. Available: http://www. ietf. org/rfc/rfc3550. tx 18] Mignon, M. ; Bouckhout, K. ; Gahm, J. ; Begen, A. C. ; , â€Å"Scaling server-based channel-change acceleration to millions of IPTV subscribers,† Packet Video Workshop (PV), 2012 19th International , vol. no. , pp. 107-112, 10-11 May 2012 doi: 10. 1109/PV. 2012. 6229721 19] Phooi Yee Lau; Sungkwon Park; Joonhee Yoon; Joohan Lee; , â€Å"Pay-as-you-use on-demand cloud service: An IPTV case,† Electronics and Information Engineering (ICEIE), 2010 International Conference On , vol. 1, no. , pp. V1-272-V1-276, 1-3 Aug. 2010 20] Park, I. K. ; Seung Hun Oh; Sim Kwon Yoon; Ho Young Song; , â€Å"An implementation of user-participated interactive IPTV service system,† Consumer Electronics, 2008. ISCE 2008. IEEE International Symposium on , vol. no. , pp. 1-3, 14-16 April 2008 21] Jonghoon Chun; , â€Å"In teracitve Online Shopping Innovation,† Computers, Networks, Systems and Industrial Engineering (CNSI), 2011 First ACIS/JNU International Conference on , vol. , no. , pp. 104, 23-25 May 2011 22] Phooi Yee Lau; Sungkwon Park; Joonhee Yoon; Joohan Lee; , â€Å"Pay-as-you-use on-demand cloud service: An IPTV case,† Electronics and Information Engineering (ICEIE), 2010 International Conference On , vol. 1, no. , pp. V1-272-V1-276, 1-3 Aug. 2010

Language and the Text of Each Paper Essay

In this essay on the Brixton riots I hope to show how different newspapers can express the same basic facts in different ways to make the reader feel a certain way about the event – in this case, the Brixton riots. I will be looking at the front pages of two newspapers (which I call papers 1 and 2 in the essay), each of which describe the same event and include similar facts. The Brixton riots occurred in 1981 in Brixton, London, and were between the residents of Brixton (predominantly black) and the police forces. They came about in the first place because of historical background reasons and social reasons. Blacks had a history of low-ranked jobs with low pay. Since the British Empire broke up and the citizens of the Commonwealth countries, mostly black, moved to Britain, a lot of them were prepared to take low-ranked jobs so they could stay in the country. This meant that people in Britain associated them with being low-class. There were very few black people with high-ranked jobs. With people associating black people like this, it led to racism and general abuse. With all this abuse the blacks started to build up a stereotyped view of white people and because few black people had good jobs a stereotyped view of the police was built up as well. This meant that the tension was raised because each side mistrusted the other. The event that started off the Brixton riots occurred in Coldharbour lane in 1981. A policeman was on duty when a young black boy ran past him. The policeman, suspicious of the boy, ran after him. As he did so he tripped over the boy, badly injuring him. This aggravated the black community. Before this incident, the police had been given power to stop and search anyone they felt was suspicious which meant that the atmosphere in Brixton was tense. On the social side, in 1981 the Conservative government was in power with Margaret Thatcher as their leader. The less well off were dissatisfied with what the Government were doing. They hadn’t really done much at all to help young blacks. It was likely that if you were young and black at this period you would be unemployed. This meant that there was a lot of tension around, which helped to spark off the riots. With the riots being a shocking event, the press immediately got involved. This led to the events being sensationalised and being used as a money making scheme. When there is big news that is in the newspapers for quite a while, the papers develop a logo. Logos are used to structure and organise the paper . The readers get used to seeing a certain logo and they associate the logo with an event. Here it would be the Brixton riots. This helps the readers to find their way around the paper more easily. These logos seem to be giving a number of different impressions of the riots. In the captions beneath the logos a lot of the words seem to be in the semantic field of war. Words such as ‘battle’ and ‘war’, which are good examples of this semantic field, give the impression that the riots were very violent. The logo pictures are mostly of the same policeman with blood running down the side of his face. These images give the impression that there were some bad injuries in the riots and that the riots were very violent. However the fact that the logos are mostly concerned with the same image suggests that the injury inflicted on this policeman was perhaps the most dramatic injury there was in the riots. Even so, head wounds often appear to be much worse than they really are, which suggests that the riots were not so serious as the papers make them out to be and were, in fact, blown out of proportion. This image has been selected to attract the reader’s attention. If this were on T. V. it would still be easily possible to select and bias like you can in newspapers. A lot of news programmes choose their stories very carefully to ensure that a certain viewpoint is supported. Another way to manipulate facts is to take a very biased viewpoint . Two possible viewpoints are political and non-political. Newspaper 1 does seems to have a political viewpoint as it is taking pity on the police and is making them seem like the victims by criticising the rioters. This indicates that this paper takes the side of establishment and law rather than that of the rioters, the neglected residents of Brixton. Headlines such as ‘Police under Attack Again in New Fury’ makes the police out to be the victims and the mob to be a reckless, aggressive one. Headlines that demonstrate a particular viewpoint will attract the readers’ attention as they make the subject more dramatic. Newspaper 2 has a very different viewpoint, seeming to imply that the police were causing almost as much trouble as the rioters. ‘Eight police coaches, each containing forty men, were rushed to the area, further raising the tension’ suggests that this paper is taking the side of the rioters. It very much puts the blame on both the police and the Government and sympathises with the people of Brixton in its headlines . It is used here mainly to prejudice you even though it is opinion. ‘Police harassment’ and ‘Arrest sets off more clashes’ suggest that the main reason that the riots started was because of unnecessary action taken by the police. Other headlines, such as ‘No hope of jobs’ and ‘Decaying housing’, are blaming the Government for agitating the people of Brixton by not providing enough employment or repairing their houses. This could also be biased on T. V. as the editor could put forward only half of the full story ,so biasing the As well as having a very biased viewpoint to attract the readers, the paper can be made more attractive and eye catching. The front page of newspaper 1 is very eye-catching indeed. As soon as you look at it, your attention is drawn to the photograph and ‘BATTLEFRONT’ in large letters, the battlefront being the front line of the rioting. This banner headline, white lettering on a black background, takes up the whole width of the front page and is designed to make it stand out and catch your eye. The picture dominates the page and all the writing is positioned around it, making it the focus of the article. Also the headline, ‘The picture that sums up the horror of Bloody Brixton’, makes you look expectantly at the picture as well as using alliteration to draw your attention to it. The use of a capital letter for ‘Bloody’ gives the riots a historical connotation, as though it is already a well known event. Newspaper 2 has a much simpler front page, with a simple black headline, a subheading and a picture. Unlike on newspaper 1 the headline does not draw your attention to the picture, because it is not specifically related to it. Although there are some banner headlines across the top in bullet point form, displaying points such as ‘No hope of jobs’, they are much smaller. I think that this paper is less sensational and a bit more ‘refined’ than the other, typical tabloid newspaper. The headlines used in newspapers and the wording in them is another way to catch the readers attention . The headlines in a newspaper are very important as they often tell the reader what point of view the paper is taking, the nature of the event – if referring to one – who is involved, where it happened, and other bits of information as well. It is very important for a tabloid newspaper to use exciting and exaggerating vocabulary in them as this really helps to catch the readers’ attention and make them think that something very dramatic has happened. In newspaper 1, this has been done by using words such as ‘battlefront’. A word like this is obviously in the semantic field of war, making the events seem more dramatic. Other headlines, such as ‘Police under attack again in new fury’, make it sound as though the police were being physically attacked by the youths, who are described as ‘furious’. This sentence is in the passive tense whereas the other paper is written in the active. These headlines seem to be in a similar field of meaning and connotation as they are both associated with violence and the police being under attack. In newspaper 2, however, the headlines suggest different things. Headlines such as ‘Brixton points the finger’ and ‘Arrest sets off more clashes’ seem more thoughtful, as if the newspaper has analysed the events, not just exaggerated the happenings in them. They make it seem like Brixton is pointing the finger at the people who are doing the arresting (the police).

Sample Resume Batteries Not Required...

RE: Batteries Not Required -HotTexasCowboyxCandy_demon21- In all of her life, Knight had never witnessed someone move with so much grace; even the Prima ballerina of the Russian Ballet didn’t move like Colin did, even that alone had made the young woman squirm visibly beneath her robe. The moment he touched her, when his hands held both sides of her face, she could swear that she had felt a shock of electricity shoot through her and awaken every single cell. The gentle massaging of his finger at her temples with drew a long, shuddering sigh. As he spoke, she nodded her head slowly, trying to will her wild heart to slow to match his own: it didn’t work quite as well as she had wanted. The tickling brush of his breath against her skin†¦show more content†¦But as his body left her’s, his form inched down her own, all thoughts evaporated. The fiery trail of kisses hadn’t ended at her neck, instead her sex god had opted to slide down over collar bone to one shoulder then back across the the other direction; he was through, that much was certain . Her body screamed violently for him, to have him take the pinched tip of her nipple into the confines of his warm, wet mouth. She wanted it, no, needed it at this point. Yet even as her form screamed loudly for him to tease her sensitve nubs, he stayed his lips and opted to have his trail of feverish kisses trace down the plains between her breasts. She had never known that watching someone taste her skin, their tongue teasingly caress the inner swell of her breasts, could be so erotic. She hadn’t noticed that as she watched him, she was holding her breath, until he returned to his previous pass and a sound that resembled a whine escaped. Perhaps it had been the agonized sigh that had caused her lover to take action, or it had been of his own volition, but Knight watched Colin lower his mouth hover just over the tip of her breast. Her heart was already hammering against her ribs, but as he teased her with the prospect of taste her pointed nipple, it thundered harder. The moment his tongue slide from his mouth and he began to trace just out of reach, Knight could feel her legs beginning to quake with desire. With each expert circle, he moved closer to her desire goal, it

Douglas C 47 Gooney Bird - 979 Words

Research Paper: Douglas C-47 â€Å"Gooney Bird† The C-47 was the lead plane of the 37th troop carrier squadron, dropping elements of the 82nd airborne division near St. Mere Eglise, France in the early hours of June 6th, 1944. June 6th is formally known as D Day. The C-47 was very important to aviation or even the most important because over 13,000 planes were sold, it was one of the most successful cargo planes, every branch of the U.S military and all the major allied powers flew it during World War two. The Douglas C-47 was manufactured in December 7th, 1935. It was manufactured by Douglas. The C-47 was the military model of the DC-3. It could travel 1,600 miles, it could carry up to 6,000 pounds of cargo, and it could also carry 28 soldiers in full combat fear. As a medical airlift plane, it could accommodate 14 stretcher patients and three nurses. Seven basic versions were built. Every branch of the military flew it and all the allied powers flew it. The Navy version of the C-47 was the R4D. The aircraft operated in every continent in the world and participating in every major battle. The outside of the Douglas C-47 was a fundamental shape of smooth rolling contours, low mono-plane wing set, tubular cabin and a single vertical tail. Two engines where mounted on each wing providing 1,200 horsepower. The co-pilot and the pilot sat at the extreme front of the fuselage with the observation blister directly behind the cockpit. The doors were situated at the forward and aft

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Rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead a play by to Essay Example For Students

Rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead a play by to Essay m stoppardHamlet one of Shakespeare’s greatest plays, where the young prince of Denmark must uncover the truth about his fathers death. Hamlet a play that tells the story of a young prince who’s father recently died. Hamlets uncle Claudius marries his mother the queen and takes the throne. As the play is told Hamlet finds out his father was murdered by the recently crowned king. The theme that remains constant throughout the play is appearance versus reality. Things within the play appear to be true and honest but in reality are infested with evil. Many of the characters within the play hide behind a mask of falseness. Four of the main characters that hid behind this mask are Polonius, Rosencrantz (Guildenstern), the king Cluadius. From behind this mask they give the impression of a person who is sincere and genuine, in reality they are plagued with lies and evil. There appearance will make it very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the truth, the characters hide behind. Polonius the kings royal assistant has a preoccupation with appearance. He always wants to keep up the appearance of loving and caring person. Polonius appears like a man who loves and cares about his son, Laertes. Polonius speaks to his son with advice that sounds sincere but in reality it is rehearsed, hollow and without feeling. Polonius gives his advice only to appear to be the loving caring father. The reality is he only speaks to appear sincere as a politician, to look good rather then actually be good: â€Å"And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. Farewell; my blessing season this in thee!† Act 1Polonius gives his son Laertes his blessing to go away, he sends a spy to follow him and keep an eye on him. This shows his lack of trust for anyone, he gives the appearance of a confident father who trusts his son to go off on his own. In reality he l ies about his trust for his son by sending a spy to watch him. His advice he gives his son is rehearsed and only said to give the appearance of a loving father. Polonius further adds to the theme appearance verses reality by ordering Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet. He lies to her telling her that Hamlet does not love her, he only lusts for her, in truth he does love her: Ay, springes to catch woodcocks. I do know, When the blood burns , how prodigal the soul Through the play Polonius hids behind his mask appearing to be honest loving parent. In reality Polonius lies, manipulates people and eavesdrops on peoples conversation. Polonius helps contribute to the theme appearance verses reality by showing how his appearance is not his true nature, behind the mask there lies someone totally different. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two of Hamlets childhood friends who when asked by the king, try to find out what is troubling the young prince. Both help to contribute to the theme by showing there appearance of being Hamlets friends. The pair go to Hamlet pretending to be his friends when in truth they are only there because the king asked them to find the truth. There is some irony within the twins, they are asked by the king to find out the truth by hiding within a lie, by pretending to be his friend: A dream is but a shadow Act II. Hamlet knows their purpose for their visit is to dig into his soul to find the real reason for his actions as of late. As the play continues the twins are asked again by the king to go to Hamlet and try again to find the real reason for Hamlets behavior. Hamlet insults them at every chance knowing they are lying to him about there purpose of the visit: Tis as easy as lying; govern these ventages with you finger and thumb, give it breath with your mouth†¦Act IIIAs the melodrama continues Hamlet goes with the twins to reclaim money that another state owes Denmark. Hamlet is sent by the king to retrieve the assets. In actuality Hamlet is sent off to wither because the king, Claudius knows that Hamlet knows too much and must be killed. The twins show there appearance of being Hamlets friends but in truth they have a hidden reason for visiting with Hamlet. Both show that it will be very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the fidelity hidden within the lies. .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .postImageUrl , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:hover , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:visited , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:active { border:0!important; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:active , .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc21455446c4fc78167c6aaabb95b026c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Master Appeal EssayClaudius the king of Denmark conduct in council gives him the appearance of an Honest and honorable man. In Act one scene two Claudius in the presence of council shows his true skill and ease of manner at speaking. Claudius speaks well of the spent king by showing a general love for him by all his subjects. Claudius show respect for the old sovereign by speaking kind words of him. In reality he cares little for the old king, he speaks kindly only to give the appearance of loving brother. Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother’s death The memory be green, and that it us befitted To bear our hearts in grief, and our whole kingdom To be contracted in one brow of woe Act I. As Claudius sends Voltimand and Cornelius off to give the king of Norway the message of Fortibras, he thanks and gives them complete trust, in the deliverance of the notation. This shows his trust and caring for his subjects in front of the council, wining even more consent from the council: We doubt it nothing: heartily farewell. Act I Claudius increases his appearance of a honest and honorable man, in front of the council by showing his respect for Polonius. He gives him the power to let his son Laertes stay or leave for Norway. Claudius speaks highly of Polonius giving him thanks and saying the he was responsible for Claudius becoming king: The head is not more native to the heart, The hand more instrumental to the mouth, Than is the throne of Denmark to thy father. What woudlst thou have, Laertes (Act I ii, 47-50)This council would see this as a man who greatly respects his subjects and cares for them. This adds to the difficulty of uncovering the truth for Hamlet later. Hamlet e nters the council chamber and speaks with Claudius. The king (Claudius) speaks with Hamlet seeming to be concerned with Hamlet. He gives advice that over grieveing is not healthy, this shows a concern for Hamlets well being. This conduct of Claudius gives him the appearance of being kind in front of council that accepts him even more for his family values: How is it that the clouds still hang on you? Act I Claudius appears to be even more caring when insulted by Hamlet he still shows love and general care for Hamlet. A normal king would have become angry and Hamlet would have gotten into trouble. Claudius shows the council that he is understanding of Hamlet’s grief over his father: A little more than kin, and less than kind. Act I . Claudius gives Hamlet advice that over grieveing can be harmful and not healthy. Claudius tells Hamlet that he is a admirable person for grieveing for so long over his dads death. Yet again Claudius keeps putting on the appearance of the honorable man. Tis sweet and commendable in your nature, Hamlet, To give these mourning duties to your father: But, you must know, you father lost a father; That father lost, lost his; and the survivor bound In filial obligation for some term To do obsequious sorrow; but to persever In obstinate condolement is a course Act IClaudius further makes it difficult to uncover the truth by announcing that Hamlet is next in line for the throne of Denmark. This shows that Claudius would let Hamlet become the next king when he is gone. This reveals a love and care for Hamlet to the council and Gertrude making Claudius appear to be kind, loving person: You are the most immediate to our throne; And with no less nobility of love Act I Claudius final conduct that makes him a difficult truth to uncover, is his care and want that Hamlet remain in Denmark. Claudius is insulted by Hamlet, he asks Hamlet to stay only that his queen Gertrude wants Hamlet to stay. Claudius appears to be concerned with Hamlets we ll being, Gertrude and council see this ,making Claudius a more deserving person to be king. .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .postImageUrl , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:hover , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:visited , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:active { border:0!important; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:active , .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1 .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u48554cfa4e3da00bcd15207dcdd4a4d1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Government Policies and their Effects on the UK Construction Industry EssayAs Claudius speaks in council he gives the appearance of someone who is a deserving person that should be king. Claudius is voted in as king meaning he is already approved by everyone. Claudius gives respect to his subjects giving the council the impression that he respects them. The king shows general concern for Hamlet, his nephew. This will make it very difficult to prove the truth about Claudius in the future for he has not only, one the love and respect of council (that voted him in). But also has prevented a attack on Denmark (from Fortinbras) proving that he is good king that can protect the state from harm. Claudius makes it very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the truth about the true nature of Claudius in the future. Through the characters within the play all help to show the theme, that being appearance verses reality. Polonius, Rosencrantz (Guildenstern) and the king all appear to be good and honest. As Hamlet finds out, all contain lies and have hidden intentions within them. As each character is presented in the play all appear to be good and honest making it a difficult task for Hamlet to uncover the hidden truth about the nature of each character. As Hamlet best said it something is rotten in Denmark That being the lies which have replaced or covered the true state of each character.

Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand Essay Example

Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand Essay The intensive exposure to marketing environment has enriched me enough, not only to survive in this competitive environment but to excel and to open my own business in the long run. It gives me immense pleasure to acknowledge the invaluable guidance extended to me by various employees of Outlook India Pvt. Ltd. in successful completion of this project. A sense of gratitude is not enough to express my sincere thanks towards Mr. Himanshu Pandey (National Sales Manager, Outlook India pvt. td), for providing me an opportunity to pursue my summer internship at such an esteemed organization. With equal gratitude I would like to thank Mr. Sumit Bhardwaj (Deputy Manager, sales) and Mr. Sandeep Kumar Sona (Senior Executive, Marketting), for providing me with the insight to corporate culture and under whose valuable guidance and cooperation I conducted my study. I am thankful to all City Managers, Cafe Manager and Cafe Staff for the valuable discussions and suggestions which helped me a lot in understanding this industry and in completing my project work. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Study of Customer Perspective Towards Outlook Business Magazine with Respect to Content, Price and Brand specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I would like to express my deep gratitude towards Dr. K. L. Chawla FORE School Of Management and my Project Guide for his constant motivation and valuable suggestions throughout the internship program. Amba Prasad Tiwari 93007 PGDM-IBM (2009-11) Fore School of Management EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Marketing is very necessary for every organization. It helps organizations in determining what product and services may interest customers and also strategies for use in product development, sales and promotions. Business magazines in India are one of the best ways of getting all the information regarding the current events taking place in the business world of India. Business magazines in India provide all the information that is required to quench the thirst and curiosity of the general mass. The market for the Business India magazine is vast. The Top Business magazines of India are sold in huge numbers all over India. Some of the top business magazines of India are: Businessworld, Outlook Business, Business Today, BusinessBarons and Business India. These are the few Business magazines in India that have an excellent market. Ever since India started riding high on the economic boom after liberalization in 1991, countless business magazines have come into existence in the country and have opened up shops as well. The last few years have seen innumerable Business magazines in India hitting the market and it will not be an overstatement to say that their number would easily touch three scores. Outlook has a group of 14 Magazines; they have 3 business magazines, Outlook business, Outlook Money and Outlook Profit. The Business magazine market has become increasingly competitive and the consumer purchasing patterns are highly volatile and hence effective consumer promotions have a much greater significance in publishers planning. In order to tackle the tough competition from its competitors most of the magazines need to formulate effective promotions so that the consumers are motivated for the subscription purchase. Business Magazine industry has gone a long way in formulating and implementing the promotional strategies. Promotions strategies formulated by different publishers have been diversified to produce good results. All the promotion types Advertising, Sales promotion, Personal selling, Online marketing and Direct marketing are being used effectively to increase the sales as well as market share. Sales promotion is the area where most of the magazines are giving more importance because of its contribution towards the total sales. Effective and attractive promotional schemes are to be formulated for successful promotion of subscription sales. Most of the people know about Outlook Business but they are unaware about Outlook Money (personal finance guide) and Outlook Profit (share market guide). These magazines cater to niche segment of business. Even after having no competitors in magazine industry they are not doing well. Company believes that the reason is that most of the people are unaware about them or if they know about it, they confuse it with general business magazine. This study of consumer perspective aimed at evaluating the customer perspective about Business magazine to find out potential causes, educating people about magazine and suggesting some strategies that company can adopt to do well From the findings of the market survey and by different analysis performed effective strategies has been formulated and proposed which might be useful in devising the future strategies for outlook. The strategies were formulated on a diversified ground so that it will produce optimal results in future. Since the customer retention efforts from outlook are very less, a number of customer retention strategies also has been formulated and proposed. The strategies are formulated by keeping in mind that it should contribute towards Outlook’s journey to become a future leader in Indian print media. Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION 1. 1 MAGAZINE INDUSTRIES: THE INDIAN SCENARIO The magazine industry in India was expecting the sales to grow but the data that have been revealed by the IRS have shown that the sales of magazines have been decreasing. But then also the online subscription part of the magazine industry is seeing a rise of 37% each year, which is a very positive result for the industry. The subscription of magazines online is termed as e-subscription. This method of getting magazines can be a very important market as the technological awareness of people is increasing at a rapid pace. Also technology is being used to facilitate people to get all the things they require. As the competition in the professional lives of people increases the thirst for information and knowledge increases. This thirst for knowledge can be quenched by the proper positioning of the product which is magazine. The positioning of the magazine can be by providing it efficiently to people. The e-subscription market comes into picture with this requirement. And if this market is capitalized upon it can prove to be one of the biggest market with a lot of potential in it. The circulation wise top 10 magazines in India are as follows: India Today (H) India Today (E) Kungumum Grihashobha (H) Kumudam Saras Salil (H) Sarita Meri Saheli Outlook Ananda Vikatan The magazine industry is one of the most competitive industry in the country. The market of e-subscription is showing a great promise by showing growth rate which is very encouraging. The promotion of magazines in online industry is a very attractive task as one has to identify the target segment and then promote the e-subscription of magazines in the websites which are the most popular ones. This will also require e-commerce understanding of a manger. To identify the potential of online subscriptions we have divided our sample space into students and non students. The result obtained from one of the surveys done by IRS demonstrated that IT professionals and bankers are one of the segments which has great potential for taking e-subscriptions as they are always in touch of the net and can access soft copy of a magazine very easily. The potential of e-subscriptions in India is huge as in the country the number of internet users is 60-70 million and 7. million broadband connections. The 3G technology is about to come to the country in some months and 440 million subscribers of mobile are also one of the positives as they are 40% of the total population of the country. The data that 16 million people accessed online articles about 40% more than earlier year is also positive finding for the magazine industry. Outlook Publishing house has no magazine in the top ten magazine lis t and it can capitalize on the online market and go for flank attack by dominating the market and then industry. The magazine market in India is expected to grow at a sound 12 per cent in 2010-11. With a number of international magazines expanding operations in India, the market is expected to grow fast, in spite of the growth of online and social media. Business magazines are by far the most common and popular in India, followed by entertainment (Bollywood), current affairs, fashion and travel magazines. Some of the major players are The Times of India Group, Outlook Group, Dainik Jagran, Lok Satta, The Hindustan Times and The Hindu. The main reasons for the sound growth are that a large part of the population is still not internet- and computer-savvy, the increasing literacy rate and the interest of foreign players in the sector. With the government opening up the sector to foreign investment, whereby international magazines can publish Indian editions in partnership with an Indian company and in compliance with the foreign investment norms, the industry is expected to grow further. Some of the hurdles which this industry might face can be the growth of the electronic-magazine culture and increasing internet usage. This may indirectly also affect the print advertisement industry which largely thrives on magazines and newspapers for visibility Business magazine are aimed at readers at work or at least in support their professional life’s or business sector, occupation or profession. Content is usually based on industry news and features. The business model can include single copy sales, but is mainly based on subscriptions and advertising. some titles have only advertising revenue, and are sent to qualified readers(controlled circulation magazine). t the other extreme, some newsletter publishers have a subscription-only model and carry no advertising. Mostly business Magazine are written and edited by Professional journalists but may also include contributions from expert within the industry covered. Before 2005 Opportunities of FDI in print media market were limited by regulatory constraints to licensing arrangements after removal of these constraints there are still commercial issues wh ich have to be considered by any foreign company entering the market. The most significant of these are: Competition: This is a highly competitive market in which a well established set of domestic competitors already vie for supremacy with a huge range of products. Pricing: By any standards prices are low in India and the market is small in dollar terms. Market conditions in the past three years have seen further downward pressure. For most international publishing companies, it is going to be very challenging to structure a business in a way which can generate sufficiently large returns to look attractive in a global context. Consolidation opportunity: There has so far been very little consolidation of business media of the type that was seen in the US and Europe and in the 1980s and 1990s. Most media companies are relatively small and poorly capitalized. The giants such as Bennett, Coleman of the Times of India and, to a lesser extent, the Living India Group are exceptions. In non-news media in particular, there are clearly opportunities for foreign investors with a long-term perspective to build up a portfolio of titles in a larger company than currently exists. Language: English is the language of business in India and that makes it more accessible in some respects than the other major markets in Asia, Japan and China. There are no additional translation costs and, in theory at least, communications between partners should be more direct than in markets where language is a constraining factor. Outlook Presence in Business Magazine Market Outlook Group publishes 3 business magazines namely: Outlook Business: Fortnightly magazine from outlook group is new way of business journalism in the magazine space. Targeted at decision makers, the product focuses on important business issues and developments with a view to providing clear takeaways – impact and implications for decision-making. A holistic approach ensures all influences on business: economic, political, regulatory and market driven is examined. Views from the best in industry supplement strong analytical in-house features to ensure a fine balance of perspectives, insights and information. In keeping with the rapid unification of markets, Outlook Business incorporates a global perspective, which it sees as a vital input, in all its content. Due recognition is also given to venture capital, hedge funds and private equity. This is only fair, since capital, a key driver of business, is footloose and fancy-free in this brave new global economic order. Outlook Money: In July 1998, the Group launched Intelligent Investor re-christened as OUTLOOK MONEY as of 30-Nov-2002, Indias first personal finance magazine which offers sound strategies for the lay investor, especially the growing segment of salaried middle and upper middle-class and self-employed professionals. Its message is clear and simple: Invest well, borrow wisely, spend smartly. Evidently, that message has gone down well: the magazine sold upwards of 1,00,000 copies a fortnight within a year. One of its distinguishing characteristics is that about 93 per cent of readers retain all past issues of Outlook Money. Outlook Profit: OutLook Magazine is a fortnightly magazine that packs market intelligence incisive analysis of the stock market, while capturing emerging trends tracking market experts their moves. This online magazine promises a unique data section that marks the markets packed with credible analysis. Chapter 2 . LITERATURE REVIEW Before starting any research it is very necessary to read articles and other research papers that have been written on the subject in the past. These literatures help us in developing a strong base for our study and provide us with information that can be used during the research. It also helps in developing objectives for the study. Literatures used by researcher in this study are, 1. Consumer trend report by â€Å"Target cast TCM† This report gives information about change in consumer attitude, perception and usage of mass media (magazines, newspapers, radio and internet). Its key findings include difference between men and women consumers, TV and internet as most important sources of media, present relevancy of newspapers and magazines. (TargetCast tcm, 2009) 2. â€Å"Indian Business magazine† an article on Indianbusinessmagazine. com. It tells us about how business magazines are important and how they are coming up in a big way. It also gives an example of Business India magazine and how this magazine established itself. (Indian Business Magazine) 3. â€Å"Are Newspapers and magazines dying†, an article by Don Dodge. This article was written on September 5, 2006. It talks about the changing reading habits of people. It says that with time the popularity of newspapers and magazines has decreased. People are increasingly reading news online. He has given data to show the reduction in the subscriptions of magazines and newspapers over a period of time. It also states that most of the magazines and newspapers are online today as they do not want to lose their customers and their Ad value. (Dodge, 2006) 4. â€Å"Indian Readership Survey, 2009† This survey covers top 25(according to readership) newspapers and magazines in English, Hindi and several other languages. It tells us about the growth or decline in the overall readership as well as of individual newspapers and magazines. Here all facts are supported by data, which is collected through survey. (IRS, Indian readership survey) 5. â€Å"Newspapers Outperforms Magazines† an article Newspaper National Network This article tells us why newspapers have outperformed magazines and what are pros and cons of magazines and newspapers. Every fact is supported by data. It can be very useful in determining where magazines lack and where can they improve to be at par with newspapers. (Network) 6. â€Å"Indian Readership survey 2008† This is same as the survey of the 2009. The only difference is that it covers only top 10 magazines. If taken up along with IRS survey 2009, it gives us an insight into which magazines are consistently performing well. Identification of such magazines will tell us what different they are doing to be ahead all the time. (IRS, Indian readership survey) 7. â€Å"Six frequently asked questions about magazines† an article on atompublishing. com. These questions tell us a large number of things about customers reading magazines. It answers questions like how can a customer magazine help sales, how can it promote brand awareness etc. These are very useful insights which can help us in knowing about customer perspective and attitude towards magazines. (Publishing) In print media industry there are two main sources of obtaining data to determine readership of any publication: 1. National Readership Survey – NRS 2. Indian Readership Survey IRS National Readership Survey is a survey on all media, but especially the print medium, conducted by the National Readership Studies Council (NRSC) supported by Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC), Advertising Agencies association of India (AAAI) Indian Newspapers Society. It investigates the readership of about 80 major Indian publications-dailies, weeklies, bi-weeklies and monthlies-in over 475 towns of 57 regions across the length and breadth of the country. The towns, selected, however are publication centers of dailies. By process of ‘systematic sampling,’ over 55,000 households in these towns are surveyed, the number of households in each town proportionate to it population. All men and womenfolk above the age 15 are questioned for about half an hour on the basis of a structured questionnaire. It claimed to be the most thorough readership survey in the country. It provides exhaustive data (available to its clients on computer disks) readership, radio listenership profile’-the socio economic characteristics of the readers of various publications, of cinema and TV viewers, and of listeners to radio, as well as the degree of duplication among publications and between media. Research agencies involved are: IMRB, TNS Sofres Mode and AC Nielsen in collaboration with ORG. Indian Readership Survey is conducted by the Media Research Users Council (MRUC). IRS 2002 is the largest continuous media survey ever conducted (sample size of 229,000 individuals) providing a single-source database for demographics, media habits and product / brand usage across 986 towns and 2858 villages in India. The survey was conducted over two rounds with the field work between November 2001 and November 2002. * This all-India survey conducted jointly with the Media Research Users Council (MRUC) also provides product / brand penetration information for over 50 different products allowing one to link media habits and product usage data for adults and children from the age of 12 years. Both NRS IRS * †¢ Gives media consumption habits, product ownership consumption, lifestyle indicators information on macro demographic geographic parameters. Population coverage: 12 years above Sample size: over 200, 000 Geographic coverage: All India (Urban + Rural) According to NRS 2008, †¢ Press adds 34 million readers in the last 2 years. †¢ Press continues to grow, adding 21 million readers between 2002 and 2005. †¢ Over the last 3 years the number of readers of dailies and magazines put together among those aged 15 years and above has grown from 179 mn to 200 mn a growth of 4% every year. Note: Recently the scope of NRS has been expanded to include those aged 12 years and above but the 15 years age cut-off has been applied for the sake of comparison with NRS 2002. ) †¢ There is still significant scope for growth, as 314 million people who can read and understand any language do not read any publication. It is not just affordability that is a constr aint, since 21 million of these literate non-readers belong to the upscale SEC A and B segments. According to IRS 2009, just when it seemed the print media was booming once again, the Indian Readership Survey 2009 Round 1 has pricked the bubble. There are few newspapers or magazines that have seen any growth? Most have seen erosion in readership. Dainik Jagran retains its No 1 position among newspapers with 19. 07 million readers, Dainik Bhaskar follows second with 14. 57 million, and Daily Thanthi is third with a readership of 10. 23 million. Amar Ujala is still at four with 9. 89 million readers. Malayala Manorama (9. 35 million) and Hindustan (9. 72 million) have interchanged positions at number five and six. Lokmat, Eenadu, Mathrubhumi and Times of India take the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth spots with 8. 0 million, 7. 94 million, 7. 65 million, and 7. 08 million readers, respectively. ToI is the only English daily to find a place in the top 10. Except for Amar Ujala and Hindustan, every other publication in the top ten lists has experienced a marginal decline in readership. For the IRS 2009 R1 an annual sample size of 2. 4 lakh was covered spread equally over two rounds. A total of 1,178 towns and 2,894 villages wer e surveyed. The data represents fieldwork during the full year Jan-Dec 2009. The mid-point of the survey is June 1, 2009. Being a continuous survey, the reporting takes place every six months based on a Moving Annual Total. According to the survey, the number of households has grown by 1. 4 per cent over 2005 to reach 210 million. Individual growth rate has been slightly lower than household growth rate at 0. 85 taking the total 12 yrs + population to 784 million. With single age-breaks now available from the Census, the age group data has been realigned. The proportion of the total share of 20-29 age group has declined from 25 per cent to 23. 6 per cent. The data shows that the reach of mass media has stagnated in the last three years. Press reach has been hovering around at 24 per cent, TV at 55 per cent, radio at 21 per cent, and Internet at 1. 5 per cent at the all India level. In urban India, press and TV have declined. The press reach declined from 42. 9 per cent in 2004 to 41. 7 per cent in 2006. Though TV declined from 80. 2 per cent to 78. 9 per cent in the last three years, CS has shown some growth, from 53. 5 per cent in 2007 to 54. 4 per cent in 2010. The main source of revenue for any publishing group is advertising. An advertiser would like to know the facts and figures before investing his money in advertising. And before investing the money, the advertiser ought to know how many people buy which publication in which area. The ABC gives all these vital facts every six months. The ABC figures are not the outcome of opinions, claims or guesswork, but they are the result of rigid, in-depth and impartial audits of paid circulations of member publications by independent and leading firms of Chartered Accountants working in accordance with the rules/procedures set by the Bureau. Chapter 3: OBJECTIVES PRIMARY OBJECTIVES †¢ To conduct a market study for Outlook Business Magazine in Delhi-NCR. †¢ To assess the Consumer perspective of Business Magazine with respect to price, content and brand. SECONDARY OBJECTIVES †¢ Competitive analysis of outlook Busines Magazine and identification of probable destinations where Outlook business magazines can be targeted. (Generation of sales). †¢ To suggest feasible and viable strategies to increase the sales of outlook business magazines. Chapter 4 : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The projected was executed in such a way that it is complete to the maximum extent covering all the aspects and thus arriving at a suitable conclusion to meet the objective of the project. Few recommendations were also suggested to the company, which can help the organization to grow further and penetrate faster into the new market while retaining their share in business market space. RESEARCH PLAN The research was started with a well laid research plan and weekly schedule. The research plan included the following important stages. 1) Data Sources 2) Research Approaches 3) Research Instruments ) Sampling Design Data Sources Primary Research: most of the data in this project was through primary research conducted in with existing/ potential customers. It was done completely through personal interviews, using a prepared questionnaire as a guide line and the form was filled later after summarizing the collected information. Secondary Research: Latest information available on internet ab out media and entertainment industry and Business magazines was also used apart from the data got through primary research, so as to have a good study of the business magazine market in the Delhi-NCR region. Research Approaches Approaching Customers/Corporate Offices: †¢ Getting permission to meet concerned person in a corporate office would complete almost 50% of the job as it would give is the platform to know about their operations. Get the details of the persons as many as possible in the industry †¢ Spending maximum time in the field, so that to get information about the various print media media resources respondent is currently which helps us to find out their need so as to promote magazine according to their needs. t also helped me in finding a very strong probable cause due to which outlook magazines subscription customer retention is low distribution channel inefficiencies Also try to find out how the process of purchase takes place, which might be different for different departments. Closing the sale: †¢ This is very important for both the parties to build the relation and also for oneself as this give the motivation and adds more value to your work. †¢ To reach to this stage, one must be clear how much work need to be put in, which operates as a funnel like, if u want to reach or make x sales at least you need to meet 10x customers. The time in which this is to be achieve this should also be planned in the similar way. Research Instruments (Questionnaire Construction) The research instrument was both qualitative and quantitative and hence consisted of personal interviews, which were guided by self prepared Questionnaires. The questionnaire consisted of 21 questions. The questions were both open ended and closed ended. The closed ended questions were a diverse type consisting of single choices, multiple choices and likert scales. Sampling Design The industries to be visited were based on their type of industry like ship building industry, steel plants and any other major industries. The target population in the research conducted was major industries (both manufacturing and services), auto dealers and hand tool dealers. The sample size in case of hand tools analysis was 52, 38 being industries and 14 being auto dealers and services. The sample for studying the dealers was chosen to be minimum 20, which should have the mixture of both types of dealers like the ones who do counter sales and the ones who don’t deal in counter sales. The target market for the conducted research included industries, auto dealers and hand tool dealers. COLLECTION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS Various Pie-charts and bar-graphs are made to have an easy and quick understanding of the study conducted. Initially all the questionnaires were analyzed individually, and then finally an overall comparison of the various responses from all the dealers was done and analyzed. FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS Finally, the various findings from the study were listed out along with certain invaluable recommendations for Outlook, to help them retain and tap the new market space. COLLECTION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS Various Pie-charts and bar-graphs are made to have an easy and quick understanding of the study conducted. Initially all the questionnaires were analyzed individually, and then finally an overall comparison of the various responses from all the dealers was done and analyzed. FINDINGS RECOMMENDATIONS Finally, the various findings from the study were listed out along with certain invaluable recommendations for OutLook, to help them and tap the new customers and retain the existing one. SCOPE OF STUDY The study provided an insight into the Business magazine, expectations and attitude towards hand tools like spanners, pliers and screw drivers. And to find out what factors the customers seek in general, with regards hand tools . This study will help to find out the feedback of OutLook Business Magazine with regards to price, brand, quality, reliability, availability. Chapter 5 : DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis model is econometric model and was planned to be done with the statistical tool SPSS. The data was got mainly in the likert scale for this purpose. The various tools and functions available on Excel were used for necessary calculations. Bar graphs and pie charts were generated to make the interpretation of the results. SPSS software was used for the purpose of factor analysis. PLAN OF DATA ANALYSIS The data analysis done as in the plan given below 1. Filtering of the questionnaire were done 2. The questionnaires were sorted into the respective groups. 3. Coding of the questions were done 4. All the data was entered into different excel sheets 5. This data was copied to the SPSS tool all the variable were explained 6. The other questions related awareness, departments, ranking and current brand were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. 7. Results were tabulated and conclusion and recommendations were drawn. Chapter 6 : RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION Demographics of respondents |Gender | |[pic] |Male | | | | | 41 | | |79% | | | | | |Female | | | | | |10 | | |19% | | | | | |People may select more than one | | |checkbox, so percentages may add up| | |to more than 100%. | | |Age | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Occupation: | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Annual Income | |[pic] |Less than 3 lacs | | | | | |20 | | |38% | | | | | |3 5 lacs | | | | | |15 | | |29% | | | | | |5 -8 lacs | | | | | |9 | | |17% | | | | | |gt;8 lacs | | | | | 7 | | |13% | | | | | |People may select more than one checkbox, so | | |percentages may add up to more than 100%. | | | A good mix of different demographic segments is surveyed in order to maintain unbiased results for the survey. it is also necessa ry to achieve desired level of result accuracy with a given set of constraint(Time, small sample size, resource etc. ) | | | | |People awareness towards business magazine: | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | People may select more than one option, so percentages may add up to more than 100%. From the above bar graph it can be interpreted that in survey’s sample space awareness level of Business Today is highest (87%) recognised whereas Outlook Business comes at second place with comparable awareness level. Whereas Outlook Money and Outlook Profit stood at 4th and 5th position. This support companies speculation about the lower sales figure of Outlook Money and Outlook Profit due to lack of awareness among target audience. Brand Rating of various Magazine: [pic] Among the magazines that analysed in the survey, Businees World brand mean rating in case of brand is the highest which